Ekpe

"Egbo" redirects here. For the surname, see Egbo (surname). For other uses, see Ekpe (disambiguation).
Nsibidi symbols

Ekpe, also known as Mgbe/Egbo (Ekoi language: leopard; derived from the Efik term for the same), is a West African secret society in Nigeria and Cameroon flourishing chiefly among the Efiks. It is also found among a number of other ethnic groups, including the Bahumono of the Cross River State, the Ibibio, the Uruan and the Oron of Akwa Ibom State, Arochukwu and some other parts of Abia State, as well as in the diaspora, such as in Cuba and Brazil. The society is still active at the beginning of the 21st century, now playing more of a ceremonial role.

There are two distinct but related societies. The primary society is located in the Cross River, Akwa Ibom and Arochukwu areas of Nigeria, and the secondary society consists of members from the Southern and Eastern Igbo groups of the same country.

Ekpe costumes from South Nigeria

Ekpe

Ekpe Ekoi skin-covered headdress

Ekpe is a mysterious spirit who is supposed to live in the jungle and to preside at the ceremonies of the society. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors (ikan). The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. Members are bound by oath of secrecy, and fees on entrance are payable. The Ekpe-men are ranked in seven or nine grades, for promotion to each of which fresh initiation ceremonies, fees and oaths are necessary.[1]

The society combines a kind of freemasonry with political and law enforcing aims. For instance any member wronged in an Ekpe district, that is one dominated by the society, has only to address an Ekpe-man or beat the Ekpe drum in the Ekpe-house, or blow Ekpe as it is called, i.e., sound the Ekpe horn, before the hut of the wrong-doer, and the whole machinery of the society is put in force to see justice done.[1] Ekpe members always wear masks when performing their police duties, and although individuals may nonetheless be recognized, fear of retribution from the ikan stops people from accusing those members who may overstep their limits. Formerly the society earned a bad reputation due to what the British viewed as the barbarous customs that were intermingled with its rites.

The Amama

Social importance is attached to the highest ranks of Ekpe-men, called the Amama. At least in the past, very large sums were paid to attain these upper levels.[1] The trade-off is that the Amama often control the majority of the community wealth. The Amama often appropriate hundreds of acres of palm trees for their own use and, with the profits they earn, ensure that their sons achieve comparable rank, which has the effect of limiting access to economic gain for other members of the community. The Ekpe society requires that its initiates sponsor feasts for the town, which foster the appearance of the redistribution of wealth by providing the poor with food and drink.

Ekpe in the diaspora

Abakuá

Main article: Abakuá

Abakuá is an Afro-Cuban men's initiatory fraternity, or secret society, which originated from the Ekpe society in the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Egbo". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–12.

Read other articles:

Yohanes Berchmans

Yohanes Berchmans Yohanes Berchmans (13 Maret 1599 – 13 Agustus 1621) adalah seorang imam Katolik Belgia. Ia lahir dalam sebuah keluarga yang sangat bersahaja. Ayahnya adalah seorang tukang sepatu yang miskin. Pada masa kecil, ia amat dekat dengan ibunya yang sering sakit-sakitan. Namun demikian, ia suka juga bergabung dengan teman-teman sebayanya untuk memainkan kisah-kisah yang diambil dari Alkitab. Ia terutama amat pintar memainkan adegan Daniel membela Susana yang tidak be...

 

 

Jojari River

River in Rajasthan, IndiaJojari Riverजोजरी नदीView of Jodhpur, Airport, Jojari River, AGR., Roads, Urban Areas taken during ISS Expedition 43.LocationCountryIndiaStateRajasthanDistrictJodhpurPhysical characteristicsSourceHills near Poondloo village, Nagaur district • coordinates26°32′27″N 73°48′30″E / 26.540759°N 73.808330°E / 26.540759; 73.808330 MouthConverges with Luni River near Khejadla Khurd, Jodhpur districtLength...

 

 

The Herald News

Newspaper from Fall River, Massachusetts For other similarly named newspapers, see The Herald News (disambiguation). The Herald NewsTypeDaily newspaperFormatBroadsheetOwner(s)GannettPublisherMark OlivieriEditorLynne SullivanFounded1892 (1892)Headquarters207 Pocasset Street,Fall River, Massachusetts 02722, United StatesCirculation14,979 Daily15,489 Sunday (as of 2012)[1]ISSN1074-052XWebsiteheraldnews.com The smaller of the two main newspapers in Massachusetts' South Coast, The...

Stupri di guerra

Con stupri di guerra si intendono gli stupri commessi da soldati, altri combattenti o civili durante un conflitto armato, una guerra o un'occupazione militare che vanno distinti da violenze sessuali commesse tra soldati in servizio attivo.[1][2][3] Nella categoria 'stupri di guerra' rientrano anche le situazioni nelle quali le donne sono costrette a prostituirsi o a diventare schiave sessuali dalle forze occupanti, come nel caso delle comfort women durante la seconda g...

 

 

Football Club Locarno

FC LocarnoCalcio Bianchi, Bianche Casacche Segni distintivi Uniformi di gara Casa Trasferta Colori sociali Bianco Simboli Leone Dati societari Città Locarno Nazione  Svizzera Confederazione UEFA Federazione ASF/SFV Campionato Seconda Lega interregionale Fondazione 1906 Presidente Mauro Cavalli Allenatore Remy Frigomosca Stadio del Lido(11 000 posti) Sito web fclocarno.ch Palmarès Titoli nazionali 2 Campionati di LNB/Challenge League Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Il Footb...

 

 

Wikipédia:Citez vos sources

Cette page ne traite que des principes de fond. Pour apprendre à rédiger et à mettre en forme les références et autres annotations au sein des articles, consultez les pages suivantes : Aide:Insérer une référence et Aide:Note. Ce texte est considéré comme une recommandation dans Wikipédia. Il décrit des exigences dont le principe et le contenu sont acceptés par un grand nombre de wikipédiens. Vous pouvez librement modifier cette page, mais il est conseillé d'utiliser la page de...

Lunette astronomique

Pour les articles homonymes, voir lunette. La grande lunette de l'Observatoire de Nice. Une lunette astronomique ou lunette de Kepler est un instrument d'optique composé de lentilles et permettant d'augmenter la luminosité et la taille apparente des objets du ciel lors de leur observation. Équipée d'un redresseur d'image, elle se comporte alors en lunette d'approche. Développée à partir de la fin du XVIe siècle, la lunette astronomique est utilisée à partir de 1609 pour faire ...

 

 

Willibald Stejskal

Austrian footballer Willibald Stejskal Personal informationDate of birth (1896-04-25)25 April 1896Place of birth Vienna, Austria-HungaryPosition(s) DefenderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1914–1923 Rapid Vienna 60 (1)1923 Wacker Wien[1] 1 (0)1924 Wiener AF[2] 2 (0)International career1918 Austria 1 (0)Managerial career1921–1922 Modena1924 Slavia Sofia1925 Bulgaria1932–1933 Metz1936– Vigor Hamme1942–1943 Gent1942–1944 Cercle Brugge1948–1949 Waregem1953 Ajax (in...

 

 

2016年美國總統選舉

2016年美國總統選舉 ← 2012 2016年11月8日 2020 → 538個選舉人團席位獲勝需270票民意調查投票率55.7%[1][2] ▲ 0.8 %   获提名人 唐納·川普 希拉莉·克林頓 政党 共和黨 民主党 家鄉州 紐約州 紐約州 竞选搭档 迈克·彭斯 蒂姆·凱恩 选举人票 304[3][4][註 1] 227[5] 胜出州/省 30 + 緬-2 20 + DC 民選得票 62,984,828[6] 65,853,514[6]...

List of aviation accidents and incidents in the Netherlands

This list of aviation accidents and incidents in the Netherlands includes aviation crashed and severe incidents. Not all reported and minor investigated incidents are listed. The list also doesn't include airplane crashes in another country with many Dutch victims or a Dutch airline or Dutch owned airplane crash in another country. The deadliest crash was El Al Flight 1862 with 43 deaths. More military airplanes crashed than other kind of airplanes. Most of the military airplane crashes occu...

 

 

German submarine U-101 (1940)

German World War II submarine For other ships with the same name, see German submarine U-101. U-52, a typical Type VIIB boat History Nazi Germany NameU-101 Ordered15 December 1937 BuilderGermaniawerft, Kiel Yard number595 Laid down31 March 1939 Launched13 January 1940 Commissioned11 March 1940 Decommissioned22 October 1943 FateScuttled on 3 May 1945; wreck later scrapped Badge General characteristics Class and typeType VIIB U-boat Displacement 753 t (741 long tons) surfaced 857 t (8...

 

 

Curtiss C-46 Commando

U.S. military transport aircraft with 2 piston engines, 1940 C-46 redirects here. For other uses, see C-46 (disambiguation). C-46 Commando A wartime photograph of a U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) C-46 Commando Role Military transport aircraftType of aircraft National origin United States Manufacturer Curtiss-WrightHiggins Aircraft First flight 26 March 1940 Introduction 1941 Status Active in limited civilian use Primary users United States Army Air ForcesUnited States Air ForceUnited State...

Філософія

Частина серії проФілософіяLeft to right: Plato, Kant, Nietzsche, Buddha, Confucius, AverroesПлатонКантНіцшеБуддаКонфуційАверроес Філософи Епістемологи Естетики Етики Логіки Метафізики Соціально-політичні філософи Традиції Аналітична Арістотелівська Африканська Близькосхідна іранська Буддій...

 

 

Karim Haggui

Tunisian footballer Karim Haggui Haggui in 2015Personal informationFull name Karim Haggui[1]Date of birth (1984-01-20) 20 January 1984 (age 40)Place of birth Kasserine, TunisiaHeight 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)Position(s) DefenderYouth career1998–2000 AS Kasserine2000–2003 Etoile du SahelSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2003–2004 Etoile du Sahel 2004–2006 RC Strasbourg 43 (2)2006–2009 Bayer Leverkusen 59 (3)2009–2013 Hannover 96 107 (7)2013–2015 VfB Stuttgar...

 

 

Cash Group

German interbank network This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Cash Group – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cash GroupOperating areaGermanyMembers15ATMs>7,000Founded1998WebsiteOfficial website Cash Group is a cooperation of the ...

Faute d'orthographe

Pour le poème de ce titre, voir Pierre Gamarra. Pour le film, voir Les Fautes d'orthographe. Cet article est une ébauche concernant la linguistique. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne concerne que la langue française (alors que la notion de faute d'orthographe peut exister dans de multiples autres lang...

 

 

Proklamasi

Untuk proklamasi kemerdekaan Indonesia, lihat Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia. Tulisan Proklamasi yang ditulis oleh Ir. Soekarno. Teks proklamasi kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia. Peristiwa saat Ir. Soekarno yang didampingi Mohammad Hatta membacakan teks Proklamasi yang diabadikan oleh Frans Mendur. Proklamasi adalah pernyataan resmi yang dikeluarkan oleh orang yang berwenang untuk membuat pengumuman tertentu. Proklamasi saat ini digunakan dalam kerangka pemerintahan beberapa negara dan biasan...

 

 

Эрмитаж (театр)

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Эрмитаж (значения). У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Московский театр миниатюр. Московский театр «Эрмитаж» Здание театра «Эрмитаж» в Каретном Ряду. 2008 год Прежние названия Театр «Эрмитаж» Я. В. Щукина, Моско...

Eurovision Song Contest 1999

International song competition Eurovision Song Contest 1999DatesFinal29 May 1999 (1999-05-29)HostVenueInternational Convention CentreJerusalem, IsraelPresenter(s)Dafna DekelYigal RavidSigal ShachmonDirected byHagai MautnerExecutive supervisorChristine Marchal-OrtizExecutive producerAmnon BarkaiHost broadcasterIsrael Broadcasting Authority (IBA)Websiteeurovision.tv/event/jerusalem-1999 ParticipantsNumber of entries23Debuting countriesNoneReturning countries Austria Bo...

 

 

Ninshō

Ninshō (忍性, August 19, 1217 – August 25, 1303 (Kengen July 16 – Kempo July 12)) was a Japanese Shingon Risshu priest during the Kamakura period.[1] His was instrumental in reviving Ritsu Buddhism during this period, as well as establishing facilities to care for invalids.[2] He was criticized by his contemporary Nichiren. Ninshō in Japan He is sometimes called Ninshō Ryōkan (忍性良観), or simply Ryōkan (良観), as well. He was a disciple of Eison (1201 – 1...