Economy of Suriname

Economy of Suriname
CurrencySurinamese dollar (SRD) (since 2004)
Surinamese guilder (SRG) (until 2003)
Calendar year
Trade organisations
WTO, CARICOM, Unasur, Mercosur (associate)
Statistics
GDP
  • Increase $3.470 billion (nominal, 2023 est.)[1]
  • Increase $11.508 billion (PPP, 2023 est.)[1]
GDP growth
  • -15.9% (2020e) -2.7% (2021e)
  • 1.3% (2022e) 2.3% (2023e)[1]
GDP per capita
  • Increase $5,557 (nominal, 2023 est.)[1]
  • Increase $18,427 (PPP, 2023 est.)[1]
GDP by sector
agriculture: 10.4%; industry: 36.6%; services: 52.9% (2012 est.)
22 % (2020) [2]
Population below poverty line
70% (2002 est.)
  • Increase 0.724 high (2018)[3] (98th)
  • 0.557 IHDI (2018)[4]
Labour force
220,600 (2020) [5]
Labour force by occupation
agriculture: 8%; industry: 14%; services: 78% (2004)
Unemployment7.47% (2020) [6]
Main industries
bauxite and gold mining, alumina production; oil, lumbering, food processing, fishing
External
ExportsIncrease$2.51 billion (2018)
Export goods
Gold, alumina, Wood, crude oil, lumber, shrimp and fish, rice, bananas
Main export partners
ImportsIncrease$1.84 billion (2018)
Import goods
capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goods
Main import partners
$504.3 million (2005 est.)
Public finances
Revenues$826.6 million (2010 est.)
Expenses$939.7 million (2010 est.)
Economic aidNetherlands provided $37 million for project and program assistance, European Development Fund $4 million, Belgium $2 million (2003)
Standard & Poor's:CCC
Outlook: Stable[9]
Moody's:[9]
Caa2
Outlook: Stable
Fitch:[9]
CCC
Outlook: Highly Vulnerable
$647.3 million (2019) [10]
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.


The economy of Suriname was largely dependent upon the exports of aluminium oxide and small amounts of aluminium produced from bauxite mined in the country. However, after the departure of Alcoa, the economy depended on the exports of crude oil and gold. Suriname was ranked the 124th safest investment destination in the world in the March 2011 Euromoney Country Risk rankings.[11]

Agriculture

A member of CARICOM, Suriname also exports in small numbers rice, shrimp, timber, bananas, fruits, and vegetables. Fernandes Group is a soft drinks company bottled by Coca-Cola world-wide.[12]

Other agricultural products of Suriname palm kernels, coconuts, peanuts; beef, chickens; forest products; shrimp.

Rice

In 2018, Suriname produced 273 thousand tons of rice, 125 thousand tons of sugar cane, in addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, such as banana (48 thousand tons), orange (19 thousand tons) and coconut (14 thousand tons).[13]

Hardwood

Some big companies are getting the hardwood out of the jungle. However, proposals for exploitation of the country's tropical forests and undeveloped regions of the interior traditionally inhabited by indigenous and Maroon communities have raised the concerns of environmentalists and human rights activists both in Suriname and abroad. These opposing parties are not yet strong in Suriname.

Bananas

State-owned banana producer Surland closed its doors on April 5, 2002, after its inability to meet payroll expenses for the second month in a row; it is still unclear if Surland will survive this crisis.[14]

Th banana producer Surland was remodeled as Stichting Behoud Bananen Sector Suriname (SBBS). The rumour was that because of political differences Surland was manipulated in shutting down. The SBBS has made banana profitable for the first time in 20 years.[15] There is also wide production of plantains in Suriname.

Mineral industry

Main article: Mineral industry of Suriname

Gold

Currently gold exports make up 60-80% of all exports earnings. In 2021 the gold industry accounted for 8.5% of the GDP. The share of large-scale mining in total gold production is 58% compared to 42% of small-scale mining.[16] With an export value of USD 1.83 billion in 2023, the gold sector makes an important contribution to the economy.[17]

Bauxite

The backbone of Suriname's economy was the export of aluminium oxide (alumina) and small amounts of aluminium produced from bauxite mined in the country. In 1999, the aluminium smelter at Paranam was closed.[18] In November 2015 Suralco ceased the mining of bauxite completely.[19]

Oil

The exploration and exploitation of oil adds substantially to the economy of Suriname at about 10% of the GDP.[20] The national oil company, STAATSOLIE, is the motor behind Suriname's oil industry. Their core business is oil extraction and refining.

In 2012 STAATSOLIE produced 16,200 barrels (2,580 m3) a day.[21] Staatsolie currently refines 16,500 barrels a day at Tout Lui Faut refinery in the District of Wanica. Furthermore, they own a 96 MW powerplant and a 189 MW hydro powerplant. They also have their own retail gas stations under their Gow2 brand. They also claim to be a well-established bunker supplier in the Caribbean region.[22]

In 2022 they made a revenue of USD 840 million. In that year their contribution to the state treasury was USD 320 million. In 2023 they made a revenue of USD 722 million. The drop in revenue was because of the lower price for oil per barrel that year. Their contribution to the Surinamese state treasury was USD 335 million.

Other players in the off-shore oil industry in Suriname are Total Energies, Apache, Shell and Petronas. These companies have signed product sharing contracts with STAATSOLIE for the exploration and extraction of off-shore oil. The first of these contracts was signed in 2015. [23] In 2023 they signed three more of such contracts. [24]

In 2020 the first off-shore oil was found. Currently STAATSOLIE, local partners and Surinamese companies, as well as the Surinamese government are actively anticipating on the development of the off-shore oil industry. [25][26][27] The first production will start with the development of oil block 58 in 2028 [28]in which STAATSOLIE has a share of 20%.[29] It's projected that Suriname will make around USD 7 billion in the first five production years. [30]

Currency

Moreover, in January 2002, the government renego STAATSOLIE and other local players are anticipating on the development of the off-shore oil industry.[31]tiated civil servant wages (a significant part of the work force and a significant portion of government expenditure), agreeing to raises as high as 100%. Pending implementation of these wage increases and concerned that the government may be unable to meet these increased expenses, the local currency weakened from Sf 2200 in January 2002 to nearly Sf 2500 in April 2002. On March 26, 2003, the Central Bank of Suriname (CBvS) adjusted the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar. This action resulted in further devaluation of the Surinamese guilder. The official exchange rate of the US$ was SF 2,650 for selling and SF 2,600 for purchasing. With the official exchange rate, the CBvS came closer to the exchange rate on the parallel market which sold the U.S. dollar for SF 3,250.

With the beginning of 2004 the Surinamese dollar (SRD) was introduced with an exchange rate of 1000 Surinamese gulden to 1 Surinamese dollar. Before 2004: Surinamese gulden (SRG) = 100 cent, SRD 1 = SRG 1000; coins had extremely low official value and a much higher collector's value; their official value has now been multiplied by 1000: the value in SRD cent is equal to the former value in SRG cent. The same applies for "currency notes" (SRG 1 and 2.50).

Surinamese guilders per US dollar - 2,346.75 (2002), 2,178.5 (2001), 1,322.47 (2000), 859.44 (1999), 401 (1998)
Note: during 1998, the exchange rate splintered into four distinct rates; in January 1999 the government floated the guilder, but subsequently fixed it when the black-market rate plunged; the government then allowed trading within a band of SRG 500 around the official rate

Between 2004 and 2022, the value of the new Surinamese dollar (SRD) was set by the central bank. The Central Bank of Suriname spent much of Suriname's foreign currency reserves supporting the official exchange rates as inflation and other factors caused the real value of the Surinamese dollar to decline against other reserve currencies. As with the previous Surinamese guilder, the difference between the official exchange rate and the decreasing real value of the currency allowed black market currency trading to thrive. In June 2021, the central bank devalued the SRD by 33% and announced the currency would float freely.[32] By June 2022, official exchange rates began to reflect the real floating exchange rate.[33]

External debt and restructuring

As of February 2021, Suriname's external debt stands at US$4 billion. Of this amount, the nation sought to restructure a total of US$675 million in loans. Suriname retained French investment bank Lazard to act as its financial advisor during the restructuring.[34]

Stock Exchange

The Suriname Stock Exchange (SSX) is the stock exchange of Suriname. The exchange was established in 1994 by the Association for Securities Trading in Suriname (VvES), founded on January 1, 1994.[35] Stock trading does not occur daily but twice a month on the first and third Thursday. There are twelve companies listed on the exchange.[36]

Mechanisms

The Suriname-Netherlands Chamber at the embassy of Suriname in The Hague

There are several Chambers of Commerce that are supporting the economy. The general Chamber of Commerce and Factories (KKF) is located in Paramaribo. It was founded on 1 May 1910 and has nearly 30,000 members in 2019 that provide more than 150,000 jobs.[37] Next to that, there are several international Chambers. One of them is the Suriname-Netherlands Chamber of Commerce that is established at the embassy of Suriname in The Hague. At the Chamber it is possible to found a Surinamese company in the Netherlands.[38][39] Furthermore there is a Suriname-Guyana Chamber of Commerce,[40] a Suriname-India Chamber of Commerce and Industry[41] and a Ghana-Suriname Chamber of Commerce.[42]

In 2021 the government of Suriname founded the Suriname Investment and Trade Agency (SITA) to support international investments in Suriname and exports of Surinamese products abroad.[43]

Statistics

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2021 (with IMF staff estimates for 2020–2028). Inflation below 5% is in green.[44]

Uncollapse first
Year GDP

(in Bil. US$PPP)

GDP per capita

(in US$ PPP)

GDP

(in Bil. US$nominal)

GDP per capita

(in US$ nominal)

GDP growth

(real)

Inflation rate

(in Percent)

Unemployment

(in Percent)

Government debt

(in % of GDP)

1980 Increase2.19 n/a Increase1.28 n/a Decrease-6.5% n/a n/a n/a
1981 Increase2.44 n/a Increase1.43 n/a Increase1.9% n/a n/a n/a
1982 Increase2.43 n/a Increase1.47 n/a Decrease-6.3% n/a n/a n/a
1983 Decrease2.39 n/a Decrease1.42 n/a Increase-5.1% n/a n/a n/a
1984 Increase2.41 n/a Decrease1.39 n/a Decrease-3.0% n/a n/a n/a
1985 Increase2.46 n/a Increase1.40 n/a Increase-0.9% n/a n/a n/a
1986 Decrease2.45 n/a Increase1.43 n/a Decrease-2.4% n/a n/a n/a
1987 Decrease2.29 n/a Increase1.57 n/a Decrease-8.8% n/a n/a n/a
1988 Increase2.63 n/a Increase1.86 n/a Increase10.8% n/a n/a n/a
1989 Increase2.79 n/a Increase2.18 n/a Decrease2.3% n/a n/a n/a
1990 Increase2.85 Increase6,984.2 Decrease0.58 Decrease1,413.6 Decrease-1.5% n/a n/a Negative increase72.9%
1991 Decrease2.54 Decrease6,132.3 Increase0.64 Increase1,536.0 Decrease-13.8% Negative increase14.0% n/a Negative increase75.7%
1992 Increase2.70 Increase6,440.0 Decrease0.59 Decrease1,406.6 Increase3.9% Negative increase33.0% n/a Positive decrease64.4%
1993 Increase2.70 Decrease6,352.8 Decrease0.47 Decrease1,093.1 Decrease-2.2% Negative increase139.1% n/a Positive decrease51.1%
1994 Decrease2.57 Decrease5,963.0 Increase0.52 Increase1,213.3 Decrease-7.0% Negative increase255.8% Negative increase12.4% Positive decrease30.5%
1995 Increase2.92 Increase6,676.7 Increase0.99 Increase2,270.8 Increase11.3% Negative increase-49.3% Positive decrease8.4% Positive decrease16.3%
1996 Increase3.31 Increase7,470.8 Increase1.23 Increase2,790.0 Decrease11.2% Increase4.2% Negative increase10.9% Positive decrease11.8%
1997 Increase3.60 Increase8,012.7 Increase1.32 Increase2,945.3 Decrease7.0% Negative increase17.0% Positive decrease9.8% Negative increase16.8%
1998 Increase3.72 Increase8,182.7 Increase1.59 Increase3,495.3 Decrease2.2% Negative increase14.9% Negative increase10.6% Negative increase21.6%
1999 Increase3.74 Increase8,103.4 Decrease1.31 Decrease2,837.2 Decrease-0.9% Negative increase71.9% Negative increase12.0% Negative increase32.3%
2000 Increase3.82 Increase8,180.0 Increase1.36 Increase2,904.5 Decrease-0.1% Negative increase44.7% Negative increase13.8% Negative increase35.7%
2001 Increase4.09 Increase8,646.6 Decrease1.17 Decrease2,464.8 Increase4.9% Increase0.9% Positive decrease13.7% Negative increase37.2%
2002 Increase4.31 Increase9,001.5 Increase1.47 Increase3,075.4 Decrease3.7% Negative increase28.4% Positive decrease9.7% Positive decrease35.6%
2003 Increase4.67 Increase9,650.7 Increase1.73 Increase3,571.6 Increase6.1% Negative increase13.1% Positive decrease6.5% Positive decrease31.3%
2004 Increase5.15 Increase10,444.0 Increase2.0 Increase4,057.7 Increase7.4% Negative increase9.1% Negative increase8.4% Positive decrease29.5%
2005 Increase5.57 Increase11,171.8 Increase2.39 Increase4,800.8 Decrease4.9% Negative increase20.1% Negative increase11.1% Positive decrease27.1%
2006 Increase6.07 Increase12,042.7 Increase2.81 Increase5,577.1 Increase5.8% Increase4.8% Negative increase12.3% Positive decrease22.5%
2007 Increase6.56 Increase12,853.2 Increase3.14 Increase6,165.5 Decrease5.1% Negative increase8.3% Positive decrease10.7% Positive decrease16.4%
2008 Increase6.96 Increase13,456.3 Increase3.78 Increase7,316.5 Decrease4.1% Negative increase9.4% Positive decrease9.4% Positive decrease14.8%
2009 Increase7.21 Increase13,762.5 Increase4.15 Increase7,917.3 Decrease3.0% Increase1.3% Positive decrease8.7% Positive decrease14.6%
2010 Increase7.68 Increase13,453.2 Increase4.68 Increase8,806.0 Increase5.2% Negative increase10.3% Positive decrease7.2% Negative increase17.3%
2011 Increase8.30 Increase15,363.4 Increase4.74 Decrease8,770.3 Increase5.8% Negative increase5.2% Negative increase7.5% Negative increase18.7%
2012 Increase9.15 Increase16,889.6 Increase5.33 Increase9,844.7 Decrease2.7%Decrease Increase4.3% Negative increase8.1% Negative increase20.1%
2013 Increase9.85 Increase17,908.8 Increase5.51 Increase10,013.7 Increase2.9% Increase0.6% Positive decrease6.6% Negative increase27.9$
2014 Increase10.23 Increase18,301.2 Increase5.61 Increase10,042.7 Decrease0.3% Increase3.9% Positive decrease5.5% 25.2%
2015 Decrease9.62 Decrease16,962.5 Decrease5.13 Decrease9,036.3 Decrease-3.4% Negative increase25.1% Negative increase7.0% Negative increase41.1%
2016 Decrease8.51 Decrease14,777.8 Decrease3.32 Decrease5,761.8 Decrease-4.9% Negative increase52.4% Negative increase10.0% Negative increase74.8%
2017 Increase10.23 Increase17,879.6 Increase3.59 Increase6,156.5 Increase1.6% Negative increase9.3% Positive decrease7.0% Positive decrease71.5%
2018 Decrease9.62 Increase18,997.3 Increase4.00 Increase6,772.1 Increase4.9% Negative increase5.4% Negative increase9.0% Positive decrease66.1%
2019 Decrease8.51 Increase19,292.1 Decrease3.98 Decrease6,662.9 Decrease1.1% Increase4.2% Positive decrease8.8% Negative increase80.8%
2020 Increase9.83 Decrease16,311.2 Decrease2.88 Decrease4,786.8 Decrease-15.9% Negative increase60.7% Negative increase11.1% Negative increase143.8%
2021 Increase9.99 Increase16,379.9 Increase2.99 Decrease4,896.1 Increase-2.7% Negative increase60.7% Negative increase11.2% Positive decrease117.0%
2022 Increase10.83 Increase17,549.9 Increase3.52 Increase5,705.7 Increase1.3% Negative increase54.6% Positive decrease10.9% Negative increase123.2%
2023 Increase11.51 Increase18,427.1 Decrease3.47 Decrease5,556.5 Increase2.3% Negative increase28.2% Positive decrease10.6% Positive decrease112.2%
2024 Increase12.11 Increase19,871.4 Increase3.78 Increase5,980.7 Steady3.0% Negative increase15.1% Positive decrease10.3% Positive decrease103.2%
2025 Increase12.71 Decrease19,163.2 Increase3.96 Increase6,198.4 Steady3.0% Negative increase11.1% Positive decrease10% Positive decrease96.2%
2026 Increase13.33 Increase19,871.4 Increase4.19 Increase6,468.5 Steady3.0% Negative increase8.3% Positive decrease9.9% Positive decrease89.6%
2027 Increase13.98 Increase20,601.6 Increase4.44 Increase6,772.2 Steady3.0% Negative increase6.0% Positive decrease9.0% Positive decrease83.6%
2028 Increase14.68 Increase22,138.3 Increase4.69 Increase7,070.5 Steady3.0% Negative increase5.0% Positive decrease8.5% Positive decrease78.9%

Energy

Here follows the energy statistics of Suriname.[45]

Uncollapse first
Electricity access
electrification - total population: 97.4% (2018)
electrification - urban areas: 99% (2018)
electrification - rural areas: 94.3% (2018)
Electricity capacity
installed generating capacity: 542,000 kW (2020 est.)
consumption: 2,938,391,000 kWh (2019 est.)
exports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)
imports: 808 million kWh (2019 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 234 million kWh (2019 est.)
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 40.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
solar: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
hydroelectricity: 58.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
biomass and waste: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Coal and gas
No production, consumption, exports, imports of reserves (2020 est.)
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 14,800 bbl/day (2021 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 15,800 bbl/day (2019 est.)
crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
crude oil and lease condensate imports: 200 bbl/day (2018 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 89 million barrels (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production

7,571 bbl/day (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 101

Refined petroleum products - exports

14,000 bbl/day (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 74

Refined petroleum products - imports

10,700 bbl/day (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 145

Carbon dioxide emissions

2.372 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 2.361 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 11,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)country comparison to the world: 156
Energy consumption per capita

82.356 million Btu/person (2019 est.) country comparison to the world: 71

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  2. ^ "SRD - Surinamese Dollar". Xe.currency. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  3. ^ "Human Development Index (HDI)". hdr.undp.org. HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  4. ^ "Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)". hdr.undp.org. HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  5. ^ "Suriname: Labor force". theglobaleconomy. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  6. ^ "Suriname: Unemployment rate". theglobaleconomy. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  7. ^ "Where does Suriname export to? (2018)".
  8. ^ "Where does Suriname import from? (2018)".
  9. ^ a b c Rogers, Simon; Sedghi, Ami (15 April 2011). "How Fitch, Moody's and S&P rate each country's credit rating". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  10. ^ "Total reserves". World bank. Retrieved 11 Dec 2020.
  11. ^ "Euromoney Country Risk". Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  12. ^ "Fernandes on the move : market screening tool for Fernandes". University of Twente. June 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  13. ^ "Suriname production in 2018, by FAO".
  14. ^ "Hét branchemedium voor de AGF-sector". Agf.nl. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  15. ^ "Parbode Surinaams opinie maandblad". Archived from the original on 2013-04-11. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  16. ^ "Overheidsinkomsten uit goudsector stijgen dit jaar verder". Dagblad Suriname (in Dutch). 2022-10-04. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  17. ^ "Starnieuws - Column: De bijdrage van goud aan de economie van Suriname". m.starnieuws.com. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  18. ^ "Alcoa in Surinam". Alcoa. Retrieved 2013-04-21.
  19. ^ CIA Factbook, Suriname - Economie, geraadpleegd juli 2019
  20. ^ "Staatsolie - Suriname's National Energy, Oil & Gas Company - AGM Approves 2022 Financial Statements; Contribution of US$ 320 million to the State treasury". www.staatsolie.com. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  21. ^ "Annual Report 2012" (PDF). Staatsolie. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 6, 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
  22. ^ Staatsolie (2024-02-19). Staatsolie General Commercial 2023. Retrieved 2024-07-12 – via YouTube.
  23. ^ "Staatsolie en Apache Corporation sluiten PSC voor offshore-blok 58". Suriname Herald (in Dutch). 2015-06-24. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  24. ^ "Staatsolie - Staatsolie sluit nog drie offshore-productiedelingscontracten met internationale olie- en gasbedrijven". www.staatsolie.com. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  25. ^ "De West - Olie- en gasindustrie van Suriname boekt vooruitgang in 2023 - DE WEST". dagbladdewest.com. 2024-01-08. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  26. ^ "Veel in de planning voor Staatsolie in 2023". Dagblad Suriname (in Dutch). 2023-01-28. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  27. ^ Mangoenwirono, Suzie (2024-03-08). "Local content cruciaal voor ontwikkeling Suriname". Overheid van de Republiek Suriname. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  28. ^ "Block 58 offshore Suriname moves closer to development". Offshore. 2024-06-05. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  29. ^ "Starnieuws - Jagesar: Staatsolie mikt op 20% belang in Blok 58-project". www.starnieuws.com. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  30. ^ "Olie-inkomsten Suriname $ 7 miljard in eerste vijf productiejaren | Suriname Nieuws Centrale". surinamenieuwscentrale.com (in Dutch). 2024-05-19. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  31. ^ "De West - Olie- en gasindustrie van Suriname boekt vooruitgang in 2023 - DE WEST". dagbladdewest.com. 2024-01-08. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  32. ^ "Surinam devalues its currency by 33%". Archived from the original on 2022-12-02. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
  33. ^ "Surinamese Dollar to US Dollar Exchange Rate Chart | Xe".
  34. ^ Suriname taps Lazard to advise on debt restructuring plan, Reuters, October 8, 2020
  35. ^ Dagblad Suriname, Vereniging voor Effectenhandel in Suriname herdenkt 25-jarig bestaan, 13 January 2019 (in Dutch)
  36. ^ SSX, Bulletins (in Dutch)
  37. ^ United News, KKF viert 109-jarig bestaan, 18 juli 2019 (in Dutch)
  38. ^ STVS, Suriname-Nederland Kamer van Koophandel opgericht, 11 May 2018 (in Dutch)
  39. ^ De Ware Tijd, Handelskamer moet ondernemerschap Suriname en Nederland bevorderen, 12 April 2018 (in Dutch)
  40. ^ Suriname Herald, Suriname en Guyana slaan handen ineen voor oprichting Kamer van Koophandel, 31 August 2023 (in Dutch)
  41. ^ De Ware Tijd, ‘Bedrijfsleven gaat mee met hechtere relaties Suriname-India’, Ivan Cairo, 6 November 2018 (in Dutch)
  42. ^ Dagblad Suriname, Surinaamse Diaspora Dr. Barryl Biekman benoemd tot voorzitter van de Ghana Suriname Kamer van Koophandel, 17 August 2020 (in Dutch)
  43. ^ United News, Investsur eruit SITA erin, 14 November 2021 (in Dutch)
  44. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. Retrieved 2023-05-25.
  45. ^ "Suriname", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2023-05-16, retrieved 2023-05-26Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

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تحتاج هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر إضافية لتحسين وثوقيتها. فضلاً ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة بإضافة استشهادات من مصادر موثوق بها. من الممكن التشكيك بالمعلومات غير المنسوبة إلى مصدر وإزالتها. (يوليو 2018) إنسيلادوس  فسيفساء التقطتها المركبة كاسيني لفوهات صدمية متآكلة، و...

 

 

KGAB

Radio station in Orchard Valley, WyomingKGABOrchard Valley, WyomingBroadcast areaCheyenneFrequency650 kHzBrandingKGAB AM 650ProgrammingFormatNews Talk InformationAffiliationsFox News RadioCompass Media NetworksPremiere NetworksWestwood OneBuffalo Bills Radio NetworkOwnershipOwnerTownsquare Media(Townsquare License, LLC)Sister stationsKIGN, KLENHistoryFirst air date1959 (as KRNK at 1590)Former call signsKRNK (1959-1978)KVWO (1978–1979)KUUY (1979–1996)KMRZ (1996–1997)Former frequencies159...

Baron Sanderson of Ayot

Barony in the Peerage of the United Kingdom Baron Sanderson of Ayot, of Welwyn in the County of Hertford, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.[1] It was created in 1960 for the businessman and public servant, Basil Sanderson (1894–1971). He was the son of the shipping magnate Harold Arthur Sanderson, general manager of the White Star Line, and himself was chairman and president of the Shipping Federation. On Lord Sanderson of Ayot's death in 1971, he was succeeded by his...

 

 

Mancherial district

This article is about the district. For its eponymous headquarters, see Mancherial. District in Telangana, IndiaMancherial districtDistrictYellampelli projectLocation in TelanganaCoordinates (Mancherial): 18°52′17″N 79°26′40″E / 18.871454°N 79.444361°E / 18.871454; 79.444361CountryIndiaStateTelanganaDivisionMancherialHeadquartersMancherialMandalas18Government • District collectorSri. Badhavath Santhosh, IAS • Parliament Constitue...

 

 

Love & Kiss

Love & KissAlbum studio karya Citra ScholastikaDirilis13 November 2015GenrePop, Jazz, Rock, RnBLabelHits RecordsJagonya Music & Sport IndonesiaKronologi Citra Scholastika Pasti Bisa(2013)Pasti Bisa2013 Love & Kiss (2015) Love & Kiss merupakan album musik kedua karya Citra Scholastika. Dirilis pada tahun 2015. Album ini lebih banyak bertemakan cinta tentang kegalauan, bahagia, dan lain lain. Lagu utamanya di album ini ialah Melawan Perasaan, Biarkan Ku Sendiri. Single perta...

The Coronation (film)

British TV series or programme The CoronationGenreDocumentary filmNarrated byKeeley HawesCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishProductionRunning time60 minutesProduction companyAtlantic ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkBBC One (UK)Smithsonian Channel (US)ABC (Australia)Release14 January 2018 (2018-01-14) The Coronation is a 2018 British television documentary made to commemorate the Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II, the 65th anniversary of the coronation of E...

 

 

Igor Coronado

Igor Coronado Nazionalità  Italia Altezza 170 cm Peso 64 kg Calcio Ruolo Centrocampista Squadra  Corinthians CarrieraGiovanili 2007-2011 MK DonsSquadre di club1 2011-2012 Grasshoppers II11 (1)2012 Banbury Utd4 (1)2012 Aylesbury Utd6 (3)2012-2015 Floriana34 (14)[1]2015-2017 Trapani71 (18)[2]2017-2018 Palermo38 (9)[3]2018-2021 Sharjah62 (41)2021-2024 Al-Ittihād62 (16)2024- Corinthians0 (0) 1 I due numeri indi...

 

 

Франц (герцог Саксен-Кобург-Заальфельдский)

Франц Саксен-Кобург-Заальфельдскийнем. Franz von Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld герцог Саксен-Кобург-Заальфельдский 8 сентября 1800 — 9 декабря 1806 Предшественник Эрнст Фридрих Саксен-Кобург-Заальфельдский Преемник Эрнст I Саксен-Кобург-Заальфельдский Рождение 15 июля 1750(1750-07-15)Кобург, Сакс...

Timeline of United States discoveries

The rivalry between Othniel Charles Marsh (left) and Edward Drinker Cope (right) sparked the Bone Wars.This article is part of a series on theScience and technology of the United States of AmericaApollo 11 Lunar Module Eagle above the Moon in July 1969 Timeline Before 1890 1890–1945 1991–present Development Discoveries NASA spin-off technologies Technological and industrial history Contributions by ethnicity African Americans Asian Americans Native Americans Puerto Ricans  United St...

 

 

Newton Abbot

Cet article est une ébauche concernant une localité anglaise. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Newton Abbot Vue d'ensemble en 2005. Administration Pays Royaume-Uni Nation Angleterre Comté Devon District Teignbridge Code postal TQ12 Indicatif 01626 Démographie Population 23 580 hab. (2001) Géographie Coordonnées 50° 32′ 25″ nord, 3° 36′ 31″ ou...

 

 

Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial

Memorial in London to Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst The memorial in January 2015 The Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial is a memorial in London to Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughter Christabel, two of the foremost British suffragettes. It stands at the entrance to Victoria Tower Gardens, south of Victoria Tower at the southwest corner of the Palace of Westminster.[1] Its main feature is a bronze statue of Emmeline Pankhurst by Arthur George Walker, unveiled in 1930. In 19...

Consumers' co-operative

Autonomous association owned and managed democratically by its clients Raunds Co-operative Society Limited was a consumer co-operative society based in Raunds, Northamptonshire, founded in 1891. A consumers' co-operative is an enterprise owned by consumers and managed democratically and that aims at fulfilling the needs and aspirations of its members.[1] Such co-operatives operate within the market system, independently of the state, as a form of mutual aid, oriented toward service ra...

 

 

National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, New York

Location of Essex County in New York Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) List of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, New York. This is intended to be a complete list of properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, New York, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts (at least...

 

 

Kingdom of Italy

Kingdom in Southern Europe from 1861 to 1946 This article is about the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946). For other uses, see Kingdom of Italy (disambiguation). Kingdom of ItalyRegno d'Italia (Italian)1861–1946 Flag Greater coat of arms(1890–1929; 1943–1946) Motto: FERT(Motto for the House of Savoy)Anthem: (1861–1943; 1944–1946)Marcia Reale d'Ordinanza(Royal March of Ordinance) (1924–1943)Giovinezza(Youth) (1943–1944)La Leggenda del Piave(The Legend of Piave) The Kin...

Makena, Hawaii

Census-designated place in Hawaii, United StatesMakena, HawaiiCensus-designated placeBig Beach at Makena State ParkMakenaLocation in HawaiiCoordinates: 20°39′14″N 156°26′25″W / 20.65389°N 156.44028°W / 20.65389; -156.44028CountryUnited StatesStateHawaiiCountyMauiArea[1] • Total11.54 sq mi (29.89 km2) • Land9.47 sq mi (24.53 km2) • Water2.07 sq mi (5.36 km2)Elevation20&#...

 

 

Voltaj

Romanian pop rock band VoltajVoltaj in 2015Background informationOrigin Bucharest, RomaniaGenresElectronic rockpop rockhard rock (early)heavy metal (early)Electronic MusicPopYears active1982 (1982)–presentLabelsRoton, Cat Music, ElectrecordMembersCălin Goia (voice)Gabi Porcus Constantin (guitar)Adrian M. Cristescu (keyboards)Valeriu Prunus Ionescu (bass)Oliver Sterian (drums)Past membersCristi Minculescu (voice)Adrian Ilie (guitar)Dan Cimpoieru (guitar)Horațiu Rad (bass)Nikki Dinescu...