Economy of Minnesota

Economy of Minnesota
State quarter
Statistics
GDP$472 billion (2023)[1]
GDP per capita
$62,005 (2020)[2]
Population below poverty line
9.6% (2023)[3]
0.4434 (2023)[4]
Labor force
3,108,458 (2022)[5]
Unemployment3.0% (August 2023)[6]
Public finances
Revenues$67.7 billion (FY 2022-23)[7]
Expenses$51.6 billion (FY 2022-23)[8]


The economy of Minnesota produced US$472 billion of gross domestic product in 2023.[9] Minnesota headquartered 15 Fortune 500 companies in 2023, the largest of which were UnitedHealth Group (5th) and Target (33rd).[10] The per capita personal income in 2022 was $60,785, ranking ninth in the nation.[11] The median household income in 2023 was $82,338.[12]

Industry and commerce

a field of nearly mature corn
Corn field

Minnesota's economy has transformed in the past 200 years from one based on raw materials to one based on finished products and services.

The earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture. Agriculture is still a major part of the economy even though only a small percentage of the population, less than 1%, are employed in the farming industry.[13]

In The Blufflands, cheese, wine, honey, milk, apples, and maple syrup are produced.

Minnesota is the U.S.'s largest producer of sugar beets, sweet corn, and green peas for processing and farm-raised turkeys.[14] State agribusiness has changed from production to processing and the manufacturing of value-added food products by companies such as General Mills, Cargill, Hormel Foods Corporation (prepackaged and processed meat products), and the McDonald Food Company.

Red pine forest
Iron Range near the Mesabi Trail

Forestry, another early industry, remains strong with logging, pulpwood processing, forest products manufacturing, and paper production. The amount of forested land in the state is declining, from 16.7 million acres (68,000 km2) in 1990 to 16,200,000 acres (66,000 km2) in 2004; however, the average forest is maturing. From 1999 to 2004 the average annual growth within the state was 550 million board-feet (1,300,000 m3) of timber, while the average amount harvested was only 330 million board-feet (780,000 m3) per year.[15]

ships at dock seen in front of Duluth
Cement carrier and storage vessel, Lake Superior, Duluth, Minnesota

Minnesota was famous for its soft-ore iron mines which produced a significant portion of the world's iron ore for over a century. Although the pure ore is now depleted, taconite mining remains strong using processes developed locally to save the industry. In 2004 the state produced 75 percent of the usable iron ore in the country.[14] 3M (formerly Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co.) today is a diversified manufacturer of industrial and consumer products. The port of Duluth was created by the mining boom and today continues to be an important shipping port for the Midwest's agricultural and ore products.

Manufacturing was not left out, either. The brass era automobile maker Dan Patch was founded in Minneapolis in 1911.[16]

Retail is represented by Target Corporation, Best Buy, and Supervalu, all headquartered in the Twin Cities. Southdale Center, the first fully enclosed and completely climate-controlled shopping mall in the United States opened on October 8, 1956, in the suburban city of Edina. The largest shopping mall in the United States, the Mall of America, is located in Bloomington.

St. Jude Medical represents a growing biomedical industry spawned by university research, and Rochester is the headquarters of the world-famous Mayo Clinic. UnitedHealth Group is the second largest health insurance company in the U.S.

Financial institutions include U.S. Bancorp, Ameriprise and Thrivent Financial for Lutherans.

As might be expected in state with a love of the outdoors, boats and other recreational products are manufactured by a number of Minnesota companies, including Polaris Industries and Arctic Cat, who make snowmobiles and ATVs, Alumacraft Boat Company, and Lund Boats.

Today, the most salient characteristic of the economy is its diversity; the relative outputs of its business sectors closely match the United States as a whole.[17]

The digital state

The UNIVAC 1218, a computer built for military applications, was designed in the early 1960s.

Minnesota attracted entrepreneurs and engineers, especially in the computer industry, and became a leading center of computer manufacturing after the war.[18] Engineering Research Associates was formed in 1946 to develop computers for the Navy and the intelligence agencies. It merged with Remington Rand, and soon became a division of Sperry Rand.[19] William Norris, Seymour Cray, and others left Sperry in 1957 to form Control Data Corporation (CDC).[20] Cray Research was formed when Cray left CDC to form his own company. "Minnesota was the undisputed epicenter of top-secret digital computing for decades."[21] Medical device maker Medtronic also was founded in the Twin Cities in 1949. Honeywell was a national force in computing until selling its computer division to Groupe Bull in 1989, remaining a prominent military and aerospace concern headquartered in Minnesota until 1999 when, after a merger, it moved to New Jersey. National firms, such as International Business Machines, moved manufacturing and R&D operations to Minnesota. State government and powerful politicians such as Hubert Humphrey maintained a favorable climate. The Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium brought state-wide networked computing in the 1970s and developed educational software such as the popular "Oregon Trail" game. The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis combined computing power with financial clout across its region from Montana to upper Michigan. The University of Minnesota trained many computer specialists who decided to stay in the Minnesota rather than move to California. Minnesota thus preceded the better-known industrial districts of Route 128 around Boston and Silicon Valley.[22] An active high-technology sector is represented today by Alliant Techsystems, Ceridian, Cray, Digi International, Digital River, Geek Squad, Hutchinson Technology, Imation, IBM Rochester, Lawson Software, MacSoft, Medtronic, MTS Systems, St. Jude Medical, Stratasys, SPS Commerce, 3M, and more than 400 smaller software companies.

Minnesota's largest companies

interior of the lobby in the Gonda building
A Mayo Clinic atrium, Rochester, Minnesota

Nonprofits

The following table lists the Minnesota-based non-profit organizations among the largest 400 in the U.S. by 2006 private donations.[23]

State rank
by revenue 		Name National
rank 		Donations ($millions)
2006 estimate 		Headquarters city
1 Mayo Clinic 45 265.9 Rochester
2 University of Minnesota 46 265.4 Minneapolis
3 Scholarship America 114 136.2 St. Peter
4 Minnesota Public Radio 378 40.3 St. Paul
5 Hope for the City 379 40.3 Edina
clouds in the sky and in the distance piles of salt
Cargill salt harvesting, Newark, California
lobby of a Radisson
Part of Carlson, a Radisson hotel in Berlin

Private companies

The following table lists the privately held companies headquartered in Minnesota with 2007 revenues over $1 billion.[24]

State rank
by revenue 		Name National
rank 		Revenue
($billions) 2007 estimate 		Employees Headquarters city Known for
1 Cargill 1 107.90 131,000 Minnetonka Farm Products
2 Carlson 87 38.00 170,000 Minnetonka Travel and Lodging
3 Schwan Food Company 124 3.30 17,000 Marshall Dairy Products and Frozen Foods
4 Andersen Corporation 136 3.00 10,600 Bayport Windows and Building Materials
5 Rosen's Diversified 184 2.40 4,200 Fairmont Meat Products
6 M A Mortenson 218 2.14 2,700 Robbinsdale Heavy Construction
7 Fagen 227 2.08 3,600 Granite Falls Heavy Construction
8 Holiday Cos. 238 2.00 4,600 Bloomington Retailing
9 Taylor Corp. 286 1.70 12,500 North Mankato Publishing – Periodicals
10 Ceridian 295 1.65 9,500 Bloomington Information Technology Services
11 Buffets, Inc. 334 1.46 38,000 Eagan Restaurants
12 API Group 351 1.35 6,000 New Brighton Conglomerates
13 Lifetouch 424 1.05 20,000 Eden Prairie Photography
14 Ryan Companies 427 1.04 600 Minneapolis Heavy Construction
Target tower lit at night in a rainbow at the top
Target Corporation, Minneapolis

Public companies

The following table lists the public companies headquartered in Minnesota with 2010 revenues placing them in the 1000 largest U.S. companies.[10]

State Rank
by Revenue 		Company Name National
Rank 		Revenue ($millions)
2010 estimate 		Headquarters City Known for
1 UnitedHealth Group 6 184,840 Minnetonka Managed Health Care
2 Target 33 67,390 Minneapolis Retailing
3 Best Buy 47 49,694 Richfield Retailing
4 Supervalu 61 40,597 Eden Prairie Food Distribution and Retailing
5 3M 97 26,692 Maplewood Diversified Manufacturing
6 CHS, Inc. 103 25,268 Inver Grove Heights Fuel Distribution
7 US Bancorp 126 20,518 Headquarters in Minneapolis, domiciled in Delaware Banking and Finance
8 General Mills 166 14,796 Golden Valley Food Processing
9 Land O' Lakes 218 11,146 Arden Hills Dairy Products
10 Xcel Energy 237 10,311 Minneapolis Electricity Production and Distribution
11 Ameriprise 246 10,046 Minneapolis Financial Planning
12 C.H. Robinson Worldwide 265 9,274 Eden Prairie Logistic Services
13 Thrivent Financial for Lutherans 318 7,471 Minneapolis Financial Products
14 Hormel Foods 325 7,221 Austin Meat Processing
15 Mosaic 346 6,759 Plymouth Fertilizer Manufacturing
16 Ecolab 378 6,090 St. Paul Sanitation Supplier
17 St. Jude Medical 436 5,165 Little Canada Medical Devices
18 Nash Finch 449 4,992 Edina Food Distribution
19 Alliant Techsystems 472 4,808 Eden Prairie Defense Contractor
20 Valspar 618 3,482 Minneapolis Paint and Coatings
21 Pentair 627 3,395 Golden Valley Water Treatment
22 Patterson 687 2,999 Eagan Dental and Veterinarian Supplies
23 Securian/Minnesota Life 729 2,746 St. Paul Life Insurance
24 Regis 730 2,739 Edina Hair Salons
25 Fastenal 813 2,340 Winona Fastener Manufacturer
26 Donaldson 836 2,233 Bloomington Filtration Products
27 Imation 860 2,155 Oakdale Data Storage Products
28 Polaris Industries 911 1,948 Medina Snowmobiles and ATVs
29 Toro 936 1,878 Bloomington Lawn and Irrigation Equipment
30 Michael Foods 961 1,804 Minnetonka Packaged Foods

Energy use and production

See also: List of power stations in Minnesota and Common ethanol fuel mixtures
large white wind turbines in rural Minneota
Wind turbines in western Minnesota

The state does not produce any petroleum of its own but boasts the largest oil refinery of any non-oil-producing state, the Pine Bend Refinery. As of 2001, Minnesotans were using a total of 7.2 million US gallons (27,000 m3) of gasoline per day, and fuel use rises in the region by about 2% annually. About 70% of the gasoline fuel used in the state comes from Pine Bend and the nearby St. Paul Park Refinery, while most of the rest comes from a combination of the Mandan Refinery in North Dakota, and the Superior Refinery in Superior, Wisconsin. 40 to 50% of Pine Bend's output is used within the state. Flint Hills is currently planning a $100 million expansion to increase capacity at the plant to about 330,000 barrels per day (52,000 m3/d). Petroleum from the north comes to the state through one of the longest pipelines in the world, the Lakehead Pipeline and the Minnesota Pipeline. Additional crude comes from the south via the Wood River Pipeline.

USPS truck with LED sign advertising E85
United States Postal Service vehicle advertising its use of E85, Saint Paul. More fuel stations in Minnesota offer E85 than in any other state.
Minnesota electricity production by type

Ethanol fuel is produced in the state, and consumer gasoline is required to contain 10% ethanol (E10). As of 2006, Minnesota is the only U.S. state with such a mandate. 20% ethanol (E20) will be mandated in 2013.[25] Minnesota has the highest number of fuel stations offering E85 fuel, with 300 statewide.[26] A 2% biodiesel blend has also been required in diesel fuel since 2005. Electricity-producing wind turbines have become popular, particularly in the windy southwest region on the Buffalo Ridge. As of November 2006, the state is the country's fourth-largest producer of wind power, with 812 megawatts installed and another 82 megawatts planned.[27]

Like other Midwestern states that experience cold winters, Minnesota is heavily dependent on natural gas for home heating. Just over two-thirds of homes use the fuel.

State taxes

Minnesota's income tax is progressive with four rates, 5.35%, 7.05%, 7.85%, and 9.85%.[28] The sales tax in Minnesota for most items is 6.875% effective July 1, 2009.[29] The state does not charge sales tax on clothing, some services, or food items for home consumption.[30] The state legislature may allow municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes, such as the 0.5% supplemental sales tax in Minneapolis.[31] The cities of St. Paul, Rochester, Duluth and St. Cloud have similar taxes. Excise taxes are levied on alcohol, tobacco, and motor fuel. The state imposes a use tax on items purchased elsewhere but used within Minnesota. Owners of real property in Minnesota pay property tax to their county, municipality, school district, and special taxing districts. The overall state and local tax burden is calculated to average 11.9% in 2006, ranking 4th highest in the country.[32]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Gross Domestic Product: All Industry Total in Minnesota". January 1997.
  2. ^ "Per Capita Personal Income in Minnesota". January 1929.
  3. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States". Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  4. ^ "Gini Index of Income Inequality". Retrieved 2024-07-27.
  5. ^ "DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics - Census Bureau Table".
  6. ^ "Unemployment Rate in Minnesota". fred.stlouisfed.org. August 21, 2023. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
  7. ^ "General Fund Balance Analysis, End of 2023 Legislative Session" (PDF). Retrieved August 25, 2024.
  8. ^ "General Fund Balance Analysis, End of 2023 Legislative Session" (PDF). Retrieved August 25, 2024.
  9. ^ "Economic Recovery Widespread Across States in 2010" (PDF). U.S. Department of Commerce. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
  10. ^ a b "Minnesota now has 15 Fortune 500 companies, down from 16 last year". MinnPost. MinnPost. 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  11. ^ "SARPI Real personal income and real personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) by state". U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. December 14, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
  12. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  13. ^ "DP-3. Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics: 2000". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved 2006-12-12.
  14. ^ a b "Wealth of Resources". Positively Minnesota. Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development. 2006. Retrieved December 13, 2006.
  15. ^ "Minnesota's Forest Resources 2004" (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 28, 2007. Retrieved December 12, 2006.
  16. ^ Named for the horse. Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925 (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.158.
  17. ^ "Environmental Information Report, App. D Socioeconomic Information" (PDF). May 30, 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 6, 2008. Retrieved 2006-11-19.
  18. ^ "Solid State: Minnesota's High-Tech History" https://www.tpt.org/solid-state/ (Twin Cities PBS 2019).
  19. ^ Arthur Norberg, Computers and Commerce: A Study of Technology and Management at Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company, Engineering Research Associates, and Remington Rand, 1946-1957 (MIT Press 2005).
  20. ^ Control Data Corporation Records at Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.
  21. ^ Kevin Dragseth, "How MN Became the Land of 10,000 Top-Secret Computer Projects" https://www.tptoriginals.org/how-mn-became-the-land-of-10000-top-secret-computer-projects/ pointing to TPT's 2019 documentary Solid State: Minnesota’s High-Tech History
  22. ^ Thomas J. Misa, Digital State: The Story of Minnesota's Computing Industry (2013) JSTOR
  23. ^ "Philanthropy 400: Minnesota". The Chronicle of Philanthropy. 2006. Retrieved May 20, 2007.[dead link‍]
  24. ^ Reifman, Shlomo and Murphy, Andrea D (eds.) (November 3, 2008). "America's Largest Private Companies". Forbes. Retrieved October 27, 2009. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ "2005 Senate Bill 4 (Ethanol Mandate Increase)". Minnesota Votes. Archived from the original on June 29, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
  26. ^ "Consumer Info and Services". Minnesota Department of Commerce. Archived from Minnesota Commerce : E85 Fuel Station List the original on October 12, 2006. Retrieved October 19, 2006. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  27. ^ "Wind Energy Projects Throughout the United States of America". The American Wind Energy Association. Archived from the original on April 6, 2007. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
  28. ^ "Minnesota income tax rates and brakets". Minnesota Department of Revenue. Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  29. ^ "General sales and use tax rate increases to 6.875% beginning July 1, 2009". Minnesota Department of Revenue. Archived from the original on September 3, 2009. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
  30. ^ "Sales tax fact sheets". Minnesota Department of Revenue. Archived from the original on July 3, 2007. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
  31. ^ "Local Sales Tax and Use" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
  32. ^ "Minnesota State-Local Tax Burden Compared to U.S. Average (1970–2006)" (PDF). Tax Foundation. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 1, 2006.

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