East Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)

East Somerset
Former county constituency
for the House of Commons
Context: 1832-1868. Extract from 1837 result: the main eastern striped area at centre
CountySomerset
18851918
SeatsOne
Replaced byWells and Yeovil
18321885
SeatsTwo
Type of constituencyCounty constituency
Created fromSomerset

East Somerset was the name of a parliamentary constituency in Somerset, represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom between 1832 and 1918.

From 1832 to 1885, it returned two Members of Parliament (MPs), elected by the bloc vote system of election. From 1885 to 1918, a different constituency of the same name returned one MP, elected by the first past the post voting system.

Boundaries

1832–1868: The Hundreds or Liberties of Bath Forum, Bempstone, Brent and Wrington, Bruton, Catsash, Chew and Chewton, Norton Ferris, Frome, Glaston Twelve Hides, Hampton and Claverton, Horethorne, Keynsham, Kilmersdon, Mells and Leigh, Portbury, Wellow, Wells Forum, Whitstone, Winterstoke, and Witham Friary, and the parts of the Hundred of Hartcliffe with Bedminster excluded from the limits of the City of Bristol.[1]

1885–1918: The Sessional Divisions of Somerton and Wincanton, and part of the Sessional Divisions of Shepton Mallet and Wells.

History

1832–1868

The constituency, formally called The Eastern Division of Somerset, was created for the 1832 general election, when the former Somerset constituency was divided into new East and West divisions. It also absorbed the voters from the abolished borough of Milborne Port. The constituency might have been better described as North-Eastern Somerset, since its limits stopped well short of the southern extremities of the county. It surrounded the cities of Bath and Wells (although both were boroughs electing MPs in their own right, freeholders within these boroughs who met the property-owning qualifications for the county franchise could vote in East Somerset as well, as could those in Frome); other towns in the division were Glastonbury, Burnham-on-Sea, Clevedon, Keynsham, Midsomer Norton, Portishead, Radstock, Shepton Mallet, Somerton and Weston-super-Mare.

1868–1885

The Second Reform Act brought about significant boundary changes, which came into effect at the 1868 general election, as Somerset was given a third county constituency. The southern end of East Somerset (including Glastonbury, Radstock, Shepton Mallet and Somerton as well as the area round Frome and Wells) was moved into the new Mid Somerset division. The revised East Somerset constituency was now defined as consisting of the Long Ashton, Axbridge, Keynsham, Temple Cloud and Weston Petty Sessional Divisions.

1885–1918

At the 1885 general election, there were further radical boundary changes, Somerset's three two-member county divisions together with one abolished borough being reorganised into seven single-member county constituencies. One of these took the name of Eastern Somerset, but this included none of the voters from the 1867-85 East Somerset constituency, who were divided between the new Frome, Northern Somerset and Wells divisions.

The new Eastern division was carved out of the previous Mid Somerset division, with Shepton Mallet being its largest town; it also included Somerton, Street and Wincanton. This was a predominantly rural constituency, though with some industry in the towns (notably brewing and bootmaking), and a strong Nonconformist religious tradition. It would probably have been a safe Liberal seat, but when its sitting Liberal MP joined the Liberal Unionists when the party split in 1886, he had no difficulty holding his seat until he retired.

Abolition

The constituency was abolished for the 1918 general election, when Somerset's number of county members was reduced by one. It was mostly replaced by the revised Wells county constituency, but the town of Somerton was transferred to Yeovil.

Members of Parliament

MPs 1832–1885

Election 1st Member 1st Party 2nd Member 2nd Party
1832 William Gore-Langton[2] Whig[3][4][5] William Papwell Brigstocke[6] Whig[3]
Feb. 1834 by-election William Miles[6]1 Tory[3]
Dec. 1834 Conservative[3]
1847 by-election William Pinney Whig[7][8][9][10][11]
1852 William Knatchbull[6] Conservative
1865 Ralph Neville-Grenville[6] Conservative Richard Paget Conservative
1868 Ralph Shuttleworth Allen[6] Conservative Richard Bright Conservative
1878 by-election Sir Philip Miles, Bt[6] Conservative
1879 by-election Lord Brooke[6] Conservative
1885 Redistribution of Seats Act: Name transferred to a different constituency, electing only one member

Notes
1 Miles was created a Baronet in 1859.

MPs 1885–1918

Election Member Party
1885 Henry Hobhouse[6] Liberal
1886 Liberal Unionist
1906 John Thompson[6] Liberal
1910 Ernest Jardine[6] Liberal Unionist
1912 Conservative
1918 constituency abolished

Election results

Decades:

Elections in the 1830s

General election 1832: East Somerset [12][3]
Party Candidate Votes %
Whig William Gore-Langton 4,249 35.8
Whig William Papwell Brigstock 4,003 33.8
Tory William Miles 3,603 30.4
Majority 400 3.4
Turnout 7,694 85.5
Registered electors 8,996
Whig win (new seat)
Whig win (new seat)

Brigstock's death caused a by-election.

By-election, 3 February 1834: East Somerset [12][3]
Party Candidate Votes %
Tory William Miles Unopposed
Tory gain from Whig
General election 1835: East Somerset [12][3]
Party Candidate Votes %
Whig William Gore-Langton Unopposed
Conservative William Miles Unopposed
Registered electors 9,107
Whig hold
Conservative gain from Whig
General election 1837: East Somerset [12][3]
Party Candidate Votes %
Whig William Gore-Langton Unopposed
Conservative William Miles Unopposed
Registered electors 9,561
Whig hold
Conservative hold

Elections in the 1840s

General election 1841: East Somerset [12][3]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative William Miles Unopposed
Whig William Gore-Langton Unopposed
Registered electors 9,759
Conservative hold
Whig hold

Gore-Langton's death caused a by-election.

By-election, 10 April 1847: East Somerset [12]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Whig William Pinney Unopposed
Whig hold
General election 1847: East Somerset [12]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative William Miles Unopposed
Whig William Pinney Unopposed
Registered electors 9,655
Conservative hold
Whig hold

Elections in the 1850s

General election 1852: East Somerset [12]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative William Miles 4,643 38.9 N/A
Conservative William Knatchbull 4,309 36.1 N/A
Whig Arthur Elton[13] 2,984 25.0 N/A
Majority 1,325 11.1 N/A
Turnout 7,460 (est) 73.6 (est) N/A
Registered electors 10,140
Conservative hold
Conservative gain from Whig
General election 1857: East Somerset [12]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative William Knatchbull Unopposed
Conservative William Miles Unopposed
Registered electors 10,592
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
General election 1859: East Somerset [12]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative William Knatchbull Unopposed
Conservative William Miles Unopposed
Registered electors 10,644
Conservative hold
Conservative hold

Elections in the 1860s

General election 1865: East Somerset [12]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Richard Paget Unopposed
Conservative Ralph Neville-Grenville Unopposed
Registered electors 11,867
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
General election 1868: East Somerset [12][14]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Ralph Shuttleworth Allen 3,887 29.7 N/A
Conservative Richard Bright 3,848 29.4 N/A
Liberal Arthur Hayter 2,704 20.6 New
Liberal William Pinney 2,656 20.3 New
Majority 1,144 8.8 N/A
Turnout 6,548 (est) 74.4 (est) N/A
Registered electors 8,795
Conservative hold
Conservative hold

Elections in the 1870s

General election 1874: East Somerset [12]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Ralph Shuttleworth Allen Unopposed
Conservative Richard Bright Unopposed
Registered electors 8,435
Conservative hold
Conservative hold

Bright's death caused a by-election.

By-election, 20 Mar 1878: East Somerset [12]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Philip Miles Unopposed
Conservative hold

Allen resigned, causing a by-election.

By-election, 19 Mar 1879: East Somerset [12]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Francis Greville Unopposed
Conservative hold

Elections in the 1880s

General election 1880: East Somerset [12]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Francis Greville Unopposed
Conservative Philip Miles Unopposed
Registered electors 8,360
Conservative hold
Conservative hold
Hobhouse
General election 1885: East Somerset [15][16][17]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Henry Hobhouse 4,732 59.1 New
Conservative Henry Hoare 3,280 40.9 N/A
Majority 1,452 18.2 N/A
Turnout 8,012 85.7 N/A
Registered electors 9,344
Liberal gain from Conservative
General election 1886: East Somerset [15][17]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Unionist Henry Hobhouse Unopposed
Liberal Unionist gain from Liberal

Elections in the 1890s

Morley
General election 1892: East Somerset [15][17]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Unionist Henry Hobhouse 4,330 54.8 N/A
Liberal Charles Morley 3,575 45.2 New
Majority 755 9.6 N/A
Turnout 7,905 85.8 N/A
Registered electors 9,208
Liberal Unionist hold
General election 1895: East Somerset [15][18][17]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Unionist Henry Hobhouse 4,408 56.9 +2.1
Liberal John Swinburne-Hanham 3,334 43.1 −2.1
Majority 1,074 13.8 +4.2
Turnout 7,742 83.5 −2.3
Registered electors 9,268
Liberal Unionist hold Swing +2.1

Elections in the 1900s

General election 1900: East Somerset [15][18]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Unionist Henry Hobhouse Unopposed
Liberal Unionist hold
General election 1906: East Somerset [19][15]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal John Thompson 4,553 53.9 New
Liberal Unionist Bertram Falle 3,890 46.1 N/A
Majority 663 7.8 N/A
Turnout 8,443 86.9 N/A
Registered electors 9,717
Liberal gain from Liberal Unionist

Elections in the 1910s

General election January 1910: East Somerset [19][20]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Unionist Ernest Jardine 4,997 55.7 +9.6
Liberal John Thompson 3,970 44.3 −9.6
Majority 1,027 11.4 N/A
Turnout 8,967
Liberal Unionist gain from Liberal Swing +9.6
General election December 1910: East Somerset [19][20]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Unionist Ernest Jardine 4,748 55.1 −0.6
Liberal John Thompson 3,875 44.9 +0.6
Majority 873 10.2 −1.2
Turnout 8,623
Liberal Unionist hold Swing -0.6

General Election 1914–15:

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;

References

  1. ^ "The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 2 & 3 William IV. Cap. LXIV. An Act to settle and describe the Divisions of Counties, and the Limits of Cities and Boroughs, in England and Wales, in so far as respects the Election of Members to serve in Parliament". London: His Majesty's statute and law printers. 1832. pp. 300–383. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  2. ^ Jenkins, Terry. "Somerset: Background information". The History of Parliament. The History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Stooks Smith, Henry (1845). The Parliaments of England, from 1st George I., to the Present Time. Vol II: Oxfordshire to Wales Inclusive. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. p. 25. Retrieved 27 May 2019 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ Mosse, Richard Bartholomew (1838). The Parliamentary Guide: a concise history of the Members of both Houses, etc. p. 186. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  5. ^ "North Devon Journal". 27 December 1832. p. 3. Retrieved 27 May 2019 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Somerset Eastern 1832-1918". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  7. ^ "Election Talk". The Spectator. 13 December 1834. p. 6. Retrieved 19 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  8. ^ "The General Election". Sherborne Mercury. 27 July 1852. p. 3. Retrieved 19 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  9. ^ "To the Editor of the Sherborne and Yeovil Mercury". Sherborne Mercury. 28 August 1847. p. 3. Retrieved 19 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  10. ^ Elvins, Brian. "Somerset County M.P.s 1832–1885—A Profile" (PDF). Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society. p. 152. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  11. ^ "The Provinces". The Spectator. 3 April 1847. p. 6. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. pp. 450–451. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3.
  13. ^ "To the Electors of the Eastern Division of Somerset". Bristol Times and Mirror. 24 July 1852. p. 4. Retrieved 13 August 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  14. ^ "East Somerset Election". Frome Times. 2 December 1868. p. 2. Retrieved 17 March 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  15. ^ a b c d e f The Liberal Year Book, 1907
  16. ^ Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1886
  17. ^ a b c d Craig, FWS, ed. (1974). British Parliamentary Election Results: 1885-1918. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 9781349022984.
  18. ^ a b Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1901
  19. ^ a b c British Parliamentary Election Results 1885-1918, FWS Craig
  20. ^ a b Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1916

Further reading

  • The Constitutional Year Book for 1913 (London: National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations, 1913)
  • F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (2nd edition, Aldershot: Parliamentary Research Services, 1989)
  • Michael Kinnear, The British Voter (London: BH Batsford, Ltd, 1968)
  • Henry Pelling, Social Geography of British Elections 1885-1910 (London: Macmillan, 1967)
  • Frederic A Youngs, jr, Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol I (London: Royal Historical Society, 1979)

Read other articles:

Diagran katode tembaga dalam sel galvanik. Kebalikan dari Anode, Katode adalah kutub elektrode dalam sel elektrokimia yang terpolarisasi jika kutub ini bermuatan positif (sehingga arus listrik akan mengalir keluar darinya, atau gerakan elektron akan masuk ke kutub ini). Pada baterai biasa (Baterai Karbon-Seng), yang menjadi kutub katode biasanya adalah logam seng, yang juga sering menjadi pembungkus dari kotak baterai tersebut. Sedangkan, pada baterai alkalin, yang menjadi katode adalah logam...

 

 

Tentative d'assassinat de Rómulo Betancourt Explosion sur l'avenue Los Próceres (es) lors de la tentative d'assassinat de Rómulo Betancourt. Localisation Caracas, Venezuela Cible Rómulo Betancourt Date 24 juin 1960 vers 9 h 20 (UTC-4:30) Type Tentative d'assassinat politique Armes Voiture piégée Morts 2 Blessés 4 Organisations Groupes financés par Rafael Trujillo Mouvance Extrême droite antidémocratique modifier  La tentative d'assassinat de Rómulo Betancourt, ...

 

 

Жареный хлеб Кухня индейцев зародилась ещё в доколониальный период и до настоящего времени сохраняет своеобразие. Хотя основана она на продуктах, распространённых в Америке ещё в доколумбову эпоху, в неё со временем проникли и некоторые европейские ингредиенты (наприм�...

Lake in Kazakhstan and Russia AykeӘйкеAykeShow map of KazakhstanAykeShow map of Orenburg OblastCoordinates50°57′N 61°33′E / 50.950°N 61.550°E / 50.950; 61.550TypeendorheicBasin countriesKazakhstan, RussiaMax. length12.5 kilometers (7.8 mi)Max. width8.5 kilometers (5.3 mi)Surface area65 square kilometers (25 sq mi)Surface elevation243 meters (797 ft)SettlementsAyke Ayke (Kazakh: Әйке, Äike) is a lake in the Ayteke Bi Distri...

 

 

Cet article est une ébauche concernant le jeu vidéo. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) (voir l’aide à la rédaction). FreedoomDate de sortie 2003Genre FPSMode de jeu Un joueurMultijoueur en LAN-partyPlate-forme selon le port utiliséMoteur Id Tech 1Version 0.12.1Site web freedoom.github.iomodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Capture d’écran de Freedoom, utilisé avec le port PrBoom. Freedoom est un jeu vidéo de tir à la première ...

 

 

Canadian ice hockey player (1938–2020) For other people named Robert Nevin, see Robert Nevin (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Bob Nevin – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ice hockey player Bob Nevin Born ...

Rail yard for cleaning, repairing and maintaining locomotives This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources:&...

 

 

Blazar-type quasar CTA 102Pegasus IAUObservation data (Epoch J2000)ConstellationPegasusRight ascension22h 32m 36.4s[1]Declination+11° 43′ 51s″[1]Redshift1.037[1]Distance8 billion light years[2]Other designationsCTA-102, Q2230+11, QSR B2230+114, QSO J2232+1143, 4C +11.69, PGC 2819036See also: Quasar, List of quasars CTA 102, also known by its B1950 coordinates as 2230+114 (QSR B2230+114) and its J2000 coordinates as J2232+1143 (QSO J22...

 

 

  提示:此条目页的主题不是中國—瑞士關係。   關於中華民國與「瑞」字國家的外交關係,詳見中瑞關係 (消歧義)。 中華民國—瑞士關係 中華民國 瑞士 代表機構駐瑞士台北文化經濟代表團瑞士商務辦事處代表代表 黃偉峰 大使[註 1][4]處長 陶方婭[5]Mrs. Claudia Fontana Tobiassen 中華民國—瑞士關係(德語:Schweizerische–republik china Beziehungen、法�...

Ada usul agar artikel ini digabungkan ke Allah (Islam). (Diskusikan) Bagian dari seri IslamAllah, Tuhan dalam IslamLafal jalalah Allahdalam kaligrafi Arab Daftar Allah Akidah Asmaulhusna Kedudukan Allah (Arasy) Sifat wajib dan mustahil Tauhid Tanzih Tasybih Ta'til  Portal Islam • Kategorilbs Bagian dari seriIslam Rukun Iman Keesaan Allah Malaikat Kitab-kitab Allah Nabi dan Rasul Allah Hari Kiamat Qada dan Qadar Rukun Islam Syahadat Salat Zakat Puasa Haji Sumber hukum Islam al-Q...

 

 

 本表是動態列表,或許永遠不會完結。歡迎您參考可靠來源來查漏補缺。 潛伏於中華民國國軍中的中共間諜列表收錄根據公開資料來源,曾潛伏於中華民國國軍、被中國共產黨聲稱或承認,或者遭中華民國政府調查審判,為中華人民共和國和中國人民解放軍進行間諜行為的人物。以下列表以現今可查知時間為準,正確的間諜活動或洩漏機密時間可能早於或晚於以下所歸�...

 

 

AEK Athens 1994–95 football seasonAEK Athens1994–95 seasonChairmanDimitris MelissanidisManagerDušan BajevićStadiumNikos Goumas StadiumAlpha Ethniki5thGreek CupRunners-upGreek Super CupRunners-upUEFA Champions LeagueGroup StageTop goalscorerLeague: Dimitris Saravakos (21)All: Dimitris Saravakos (26)Highest home attendance24,747 vs Ajax(28 September 1994)Lowest home attendance539 vs Doxa Vyronas(30 November 1994)Average home league attendance8,740Biggest winPanetolikos 0–5 AEK AthensBi...

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Третье отделение (значения). Третье отделениерус. дореф. Третье отдѣленіе Страна  Российская империя Создана 1826 Распущена (преобразована) 1880 Предшественник Тайная канцелярия Преемник Охранное отделение Здание штаба От...

 

 

American college football season 2012 UCF Knights footballC-USA East Division co-championBeef 'O' Brady's Bowl championC-USA Championship, L 27–33 OT vs. TulsaBeef 'O' Brady's Bowl, W 38–17 vs. Ball StateConferenceConference USADivisionEast DivisionRecord10–4 (7–1 C-USA)Head coachGeorge O'Leary (9th season)Offensive coordinatorCharlie Taaffe (4th season)Offensive schemePro-styleDefensive coordinatorJim Fleming (1st season)Base defense4–3Home stadiumBrig...

 

 

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع فينوس (توضيح). فينوس   زوجات فولكانوس  ذرية كيوبيد  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   فينوس (إلهة الجمال) هي إلهة رومانية، تمثل الحب والجمال والرغبة والجنس والخصوبة والرخاء والنصر. في الأساطير الرومانية، كانت جد الشعب الروماني من خلال ابنها إينياس، الذ�...

Engineering arm of the Indian Army Indian Army Corps of EngineersThe logo of the Corps of EngineersActive1777 - PresentCountry IndiaBranch Indian ArmyGarrison/HQNew Delhi, IndiaMotto(s)Sarvatra (Ubique, Everywhere)ColorsMaroon and blueEngagementsFirst Anglo-Afghan WarSecond Anglo-Afghan WarFirst World WarSecond World WarBurma CampaignSino-Indian WarIndo-Pak War-1947Indo-Pak War-1965Indo-Pak War-1971Kargil WarCommandersEngineer-in-ChiefLt Gen Arvind Walia[1]InsigniaRegimental...

 

 

Italian cyclist (born 1995) Arianna FidanzaFidanza at the start of the 2016 Ronde van DrenthePersonal informationFull nameArianna FidanzaBorn (1995-01-06) 6 January 1995 (age 29)Bergamo, Lombardy, Italy[1]Team informationCurrent teamCeratizit–WNT Pro CyclingDisciplinesRoadTrackRoleRiderProfessional teams2014Estado de México–Faren Kuota[1]2015Alé–Cipollini[1]2016–2017Astana[1]2018–2019Eurotarget–Bianchi–Vitasana[2]2020Lotto...

 

 

Voce principale: Associazione Calcio Femminile Alaska Gelati Lecce. A.C.F. Alaska Gelati LecceStagione 1983Sport calcio Squadra Alaska Lecce Allenatore Antonio Curreri Presidente Ernesto Guarini Serie ACampione d'Italia. Coppa ItaliaVincitore. Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Augustesen (31) StadioComunale di Veglie. 1982 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa voce raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti l'Associazione Calcio Femminile Alaska Gelati Lecce nelle competizioni ufficiali d...

Rudolf Gundersen Gustav Borgen / Norsk Folkemuseum Født6. des. 1879OsloDød21. aug. 1946 (66 år)BeskjeftigelseSkøyteløper NasjonalitetNorgeSportHurtigløp på skøyterKlubb(er)Kristiania SkøiteklubNasjonale titlerAllround 1901, 1902, 1905Rudolf Gundersen på Commons Rudolf Gundersen (født 6. desember 1879, død 21. august 1946) var en norsk skøyteløper. Han gikk for Kristiania Skøiteklub, og var en av Norges og verdens fremste løpere i åra omkring forrige århundresk...

 

 

American medium tank widely used during World War 2 Medium tank, M4 An M4 (105) Sherman tank with spare track-links welded on its front for additional armor protection, preserved at the Langenberg Liberation Memorial in Ede, NetherlandsTypeMedium tankPlace of originUnited StatesService historyIn service1942–2018[a] 1942–1957 (United States)Used byUnited States, and many others (see Foreign variants and use)Wars World War II Indonesian National Revolution Greek ...