Duvernoy's gland

Duvernoy's gland (light yellow) on a garter snake from a lateral view. It is lateral to the mouth and caudal to the snake's eye. Partially covered in scales (greenish-brown) and surrounded by underlying muscle tissue (light brown)

The Duvernoy's gland is a gland found in some groups of colubrid snakes. It is distinguished from the venom gland and is not found in viperids or elapids. It was named for French zoologist Georges Louis Duvernoy who first described the gland in 1832.[1]

The Duvernoy's gland is positioned posterior to the eye, encased in a thin cover of connective tissue, and consists mostly of serous cells. A single, short duct extends anteromedially from the lumen of the gland to the base of the posterior fangs.

Function

The function of the Duvernoy's gland has been the source of much study and speculation, and debate is still ongoing. It is widely recognized that the Duvernoy's gland is the homologue of venom glands in vipers and elapids.[2][3] However, the two types of glands are also “anatomically and functionally distinct,” leading experts such as Dr. Kenneth Kardong to maintain the distinction between the Duvernoy's gland and venom glands.[2][4] Other scientists such as Dr. Bryan Fry maintain that the Duvernoy gland is a primitive version of a venom gland and should be referred to as such.[3] Dr. Stephen Mackessy suggests Duvernoy's gland does secrete venom and is homologous to the venom gland found in front-fanged snakes.[5]

Because the secretions of this gland are associated with the swallowing behavior of snakes, the Duvernoy's gland may play a role in swallowing and/or digestion.[6] Kardong also notes that although some Duvernoy's gland secretions may be toxic and that they can produce pain, swelling, and other effects if injected subcutaneously; this does not make those secretions venoms.[6][7]

Evolution

The evolutionary path of these separate glands may come from “venom proteins” whose genes are widely expressed in tissues of both venomous and non-venomous snakes. These genes are over-expressed in the venom glands (including Duvernoy's gland), indicating the secretions from these glands evolved separately, rather than sequentially.[5]

References

  1. ^ Duvernoy (1832). "Mémoire sur les caractères tirés de l'anatomie pour distinguer les serpents venimeux des serpents non venimeux" [Memory on characters taken from anatomy to distinguish venomous snakes from non-venomous snakes]. Annales des Sciences Naturelles (in French). 26: 113–160.
  2. ^ a b Kardong, Kenneth V. (January 2002). "Colubrid Snakes and Duvernoy's "Venom" Glands". Journal of Toxicology: Toxin Reviews. 21 (1–2): 1–19. doi:10.1081/txr-120004739.
  3. ^ a b Fry, Bryan G.; Wüster, Wolfgang; Ryan Ramjan, Sheik Fadil; Jackson, Timothy; Martelli, Paolo; Kini, R. Manjunatha (30 September 2003). "Analysis of Colubroidea snake venoms by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry: evolutionary and toxinological implications". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 17 (18): 2047–2062. Bibcode:2003RCMS...17.2047F. doi:10.1002/rcm.1148. PMID 12955733.
  4. ^ Kardong, Kenneth V. (1996). "Snake Toxins and Venoms: An Evolutionary Perspective". Herpetologica. 52 (1): 36–46. JSTOR 3892954.
  5. ^ a b Mackessy, Stephen P.; Saviola, Anthony J. (November 2016). "Understanding Biological Roles of Venoms Among the Caenophidia: The Importance of Rear-Fanged Snakes". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 56 (5): 1004–1021. doi:10.1093/icb/icw110. PMID 27639275.
  6. ^ a b Kardong, Kenneth V. (1982). "The evolution of the venom apparatus in snakes from colubrids to viperids and elapids" (PDF). Memórias do Instituto Butantan. 46: 105–118.
  7. ^ The word "toxic" describes the properties of the substance whereas the word "venom" implies its biological use for the organism.

Read other articles:

Consent to UK law affecting devolved matter This article is part of a series onPolitics of the United Kingdom Constitution Magna Carta Bill of Rights Treaty of Union (Acts of Union) Parliamentary sovereignty Rule of law Separation of powers Other constitutional principles The Crown The Monarch (list) Charles III Heir apparent William, Prince of Wales Royal family Succession Prerogative Counsellors of State Republicanism in the United Kingdom Executive Privy Council Charles III(King-in-Council...

 

 

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Jakarta (disambiguasi). Jakarta BaratKota administrasiMuseum Fatahillah Jakarta Barat LambangMotto: Anggrek Dendrobium Jakarta molek - Cupang seritPetaJakarta BaratPetaKoordinat: 6°12′S 106°42′E / 6.2°S 106.7°E / -6.2; 106.7Negara IndonesiaProvinsiDKI JakartaTanggal berdiri28 Agustus 1978Dasar hukumPeraturan PemerintahNomor 25 Tahun 1978Ibu kotaKembanganJumlah satuan pemerintahan Daftar Kecamatan: 8Kelurahan: 56 Pemerintahan...

 

 

Pemandangan lembah Göreme Göreme adalah nama lembah dan nama sebuah kota di Turki yang terletak di provinsi Nevsehir di Cappadocia. Kota memiliki nama yang berbeda sepanjang sejarah: Κόραμα (Koram), Matiana, Maccan dan Avcilar, nama masih sering digunakan sampai sekarang. Baru-baru ini berganti nama Göreme, nama sebuah kota lembah untuk pariwisata. Taman Nasional Göreme pada tahun 1985 ditambahkan ke Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO. Lanskap lembah Göreme yang spektakuler dibentuk oleh e...

Gedung Robert Hooke di Kampus Universitas Terbuka Inggris di Milton Keynes Universitas terbuka adalah universitas dengan kebijakan akademik pintu terbuka, dengan persyaratan masuk minimal atau tanpa persyaratan masuk.[1] Universitas terbuka mungkin menerapkan metode pengajaran tertentu, seperti pembelajaran terbuka atau pendidikan jarak jauh. Namun, tidak semua universitas terbuka berfokus pada pendidikan jarak jauh, dan universitas pendidikan jarak jauh juga tidak selalu memiliki keb...

 

 

Mexican WhiteBoy AuthorMatt de la PeñaLanguageEnglishGenreYoung adult fictionPublisherDelacorte PressPublication dateAugust 12, 2008ISBN9780440239383 2008 novel by Matt de la Peña Mexican WhiteBoy is a 2008 novel by Matt de la Peña, published by Delacorte Press.[1] De la Peña drew on his own adolescent passion for sports[2] in developing his main character Danny, a baseball enthusiast. The novel, which is set in National City, California, uses Spanglish and has a bicultura...

 

 

1965 American TV series or program Paradise BayGenreDramaCreated byTed CordayWritten byIrving VendigStory byMurderDirected byDick DarleyStarringMarion Ross, Heather North, Keith Andes, K. T. Stevens, and Walter BrookeCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodesUnknownProductionExecutive producerTed CordayProducerOliver BarbourOriginal releaseReleaseSeptember 27, 1965 (1965-09-27) –July 1, 1966 (1966-07-01) Paradise Bay is an American se...

AntoniusInformasi pribadiNama lahirAntonius Budi ArianthoKebangsaan IndonesiaLahir3 Oktober 1971 (umur 52)PekalonganTahun aktif1991-2001PelatihP.B Djarum jakartaRekor bertandingGanda Pria Antonius Ariantho Rekam medali Bulu tangkis Pria Olimpiade Atlanta 1996 Ganda Pria Antonius Budi Ariantho (lahir 3 Oktober 1971) adalah pemain ganda putra bulu tangkis Indonesia. Ia adalah salah satu atlet berprestasi hasil binaan PB Djarum Kudus. Antonius yang berpasangan dengan Denny Kantono berh...

 

 

Visit Malaysia 2007 (Bahasa Melayu: Tahun Melawat Malaysia 2007) adalah acara besar yang diandakan di Malaysia untuk menyambut ulang tahun kemerdekaan ke-50 negara. Acara ini merupakan edisi Tahun Melawat Malaysia yang ketiga, setelah dua usaha sedemikian pada tahun 1990 dan 1994. Acara ini dimulai pada tanggal 1 Januari 2007. Pranala luar Tourism Malaysia official site Visit Malaysia Cyber Campaign 2007 Diarsipkan 2008-05-15 di Wayback Machine. Visit Malaysia 2007 Official Blog Virtual Mala...

 

 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Antony and the Johnsons album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2000 studio album by Antony and the JohnsonsAntony and the JohnsonsStudio album by Antony and the Johnson...

Piece of artwork painted or applied directly on a large permanent surface For other uses, see Mural (disambiguation). Muralist and muralists redirect here. For the Mexican art movement, see Mexican muralism. Ceiling painting, by Jean-André Rixens. Salle des Illustres, Le Capitole, Toulouse, France Prehistoric Egyptian mural painted on a Nekhen tomb wall c. 3,500 B.C. with aspects in the Gerzeh culture style A mural is any piece of graphic artwork that is painted or applied directly to ...

 

 

Overview of and topical guide to the Collectivity of Saint Martin See also: Index of Saint Martin (France)-related articles The location of Saint Martin An enlargeable map of the French Overseas Collectivity of Saint Martin A map of the island of Saint Martin The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Collectivity of Saint Martin: The Collectivity of Saint Martin (French: Collectivité de Saint-Martin) is an overseas collectivity of France located in the Leew...

 

 

Jordan SpiethSpieth pada bulan Februari 2015Informasi pribadiNama lengkapJordan Alexander SpiethLahir27 Juli 1993 (umur 30)Dallas, Texas, Amerika SerikatTinggi6 ft 1 in (1,85 m)Berat185 pon (84 kg; 13,2 st)Kebangsaan Amerika SerikatTempat tinggalDallas, Texas, Amerika SerikatKarierAlmamaterUniversitas Texas(1,5 tahun)Menjadi pro2012Kejuaraan sekarangPGA TourJuara profesional5Kemenangan menurut kejuaraanPGA Tour3PGA Tour of Australasia1Other1Hasil terbai...

Funerary figurines of Tang dynasty officials The administration of territory in dynastic China is the history of practices involved in governing the land from the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) to the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Administrative divisions in imperial China Song dynasty officials See also: List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China County The only level at which state officials actually governed the common people was the county level. Counties were coordin...

 

 

この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。(このテンプレートの使い方)出典検索?: コルク – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp · ジャパンサーチ · TWL(2017年4月) コルクを打ち抜いて作った瓶の栓 コルク(木栓、�...

 

 

Questa voce sull'argomento scrittori brasiliani è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Coelho Neto nel 1920. Henrique Maximiliano Coelho Neto (Caxias, 21 febbraio 1864 – Rio de Janeiro, 28 novembre 1934) è stato uno scrittore brasiliano. Biografia Fu autore di racconti, romanzi, cronache e commedie, per un totale di 112 volumi pubblicati tra il 1893 e il 1928, Seguace del Parnasse, fu anche collaboratore della Gazeta de Tarde e deputato, o...

此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 (2021年5月6日)若您熟悉来源语言和主题,请协助参考外语维基百科扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译,也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议,译文需在编辑摘要注明来源,或于讨论页顶部标记{{Translated page}}标签。 约翰斯顿环礁Kalama Atoll 美國本土外小島嶼 Johnston Atoll 旗幟颂歌:《星條旗》The Star-Spangled Banner約翰斯頓環礁�...

 

 

2008 American film directed by Roger Kumble For the 2000 film, see Road Trip (2000 film). College Road TripTheatrical release posterDirected byRoger KumbleWritten byEmi MochizukiCarrie EvansCinco PaulKen DaurioProduced byAndrew GunnStarringMartin LawrenceRaven-SymonéDonny OsmondCinematographyTheo van de SandeEdited byRoger BondelliMusic byEdward ShearmurProductioncompaniesWalt Disney PicturesGunn FilmsHead Gear FilmsDistributed byWalt Disney StudiosMotion PicturesRelease date March 7,&#...

 

 

2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会波兰代表團波兰国旗IOC編碼POLNOC波蘭奧林匹克委員會網站olimpijski.pl(英文)(波兰文)2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会(東京)2021年7月23日至8月8日(受2019冠状病毒病疫情影响推迟,但仍保留原定名称)運動員206參賽項目24个大项旗手开幕式:帕维尔·科热尼奥夫斯基(游泳)和马娅·沃什乔夫斯卡(自行车)[1]闭幕式:卡罗利娜·纳亚(皮划艇)&#...

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Henri, Henri VI et Henri d'Angleterre. Henri VI Henri VI d'Angleterre, détail d'une enluminure du Livre de Talbot-Shrewsbury par le Maître de Talbot, 1445, British Library. Titre Roi d'Angleterre et seigneur d'Irlande 31 août 1422 – 4 mars 1461(38 ans, 6 mois et 1 jour) Couronnement 6 novembre 1429 en l'Abbaye de Westminster Régent Jean de Lancastre (1422-1429) Humphrey de Lancastre (1422-1429) Richard d'York (1454-1455, 1455-1456, 1460)...

 

 

Spanish judo athlete In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Arce and the second or maternal family name is Payno. Marta ArcePersonal informationFull nameMarta Arce PaynoNationalitySpanishBorn (1977-07-27) 27 July 1977 (age 46)Valladolid, SpainSportCountry SpainSportJudo Medal record Women's judo Representing  Spain Paralympic Games 2004 Athens -57 kg 2008 Beijing -63 kg 2012 London -63 kg European Para Championships 2023 Rotterdam -57...