Druse (botany)

Druses in onion scales (100x magnification)
For other uses, see Druse.

A druse is a group of crystals of calcium oxalate,[1] silicates, or carbonates present in plants, and are thought to be a defense against herbivory due to their toxicity. Calcium oxalate (Ca(COO)2, CaOx) crystals are found in algae, angiosperms and gymnosperms in more than 215 families. These plants accumulate oxalate in the range of 3–80% (w/w) of their dry weight[2][3] through a biomineralization process in a variety of shapes.[4] Araceae have numerous druses, multi-crystal druses and needle-shaped raphide crystals of CaOx present in the tissue.[5] Druses are also found in leaves and bud scales of Prunus, Rosa,[6] Allium, Vitis, Morus and Phaseolus.[7][8]

Formation

A number of biochemical pathways for calcium oxalate biomineralization in plants have been proposed. Among these is the cleavage of isocitrate, the hydrolysis of oxaloacetate, glycolate/glyoxylate oxidation, and/or oxidative cleavage of L-ascorbic acid.[9] The cleavage of ascorbic acid appears to be the most studied pathway.[10][11][12][13] The specific mechanism controlling this process is unclear. Still, it has been suggested that a number of factors influence crystal shapes and growth, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids or macromolecular membrane structures.[14][15][16] Druses may also have some purpose in calcium regulation.

See also

References

  1. ^ Franceschi VR, Nakata PA (2005). "Calcium oxalate in plants: formation and function". Annu Rev Plant Biol. 56: 41–71. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144106. PMID 15862089.
  2. ^ Zindler-Frank E. (1976). "Oxalate biosynthesis in relation to photosynthetic pathways and plant productivity: a survey". Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 80 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1016/S0044-328X(76)80044-X.
  3. ^ Libert B, Franceschi VR (1987). "Oxalate in crop plants". J Agric Food Chem. 35 (6): 926–938. doi:10.1021/jf00078a019.
  4. ^ McNair JB (1932). "The interrelation between substances in plants: essential oils and resins, cyanogen and oxalate". Am J Bot. 19 (3): 255–271. doi:10.2307/2436337. JSTOR 2436337.
  5. ^ Prychid CJ, Jabaily RS, Rudall PJ (2008). "Cellular ultrastructure and crystal development in Amorphophallus (Araceae)". Ann. Bot. 101 (7): 983–995. doi:10.1093/aob/mcn022. PMC 2710233. PMID 18285357.
  6. ^ Lersten NR, Horner HT (2006). "Crystal macropattern development in Prunus serotina (Rosaceae, Prunoideae) leaves". Ann. Bot. 97 (5): 723–729. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl036. PMC 2803424. PMID 16513655.
  7. ^ Jáuregui-Zúñiga D, Reyes-Grajeda JP, Sepúlveda-Sánchez JD, Whitaker JR, Moreno A (2003). "Crystallochemical characterization of calcium oxalate crystals isolated from seed coats of Phaseolus vulgaris and leaves of Vitis vinifera". J Plant Physiol. 160 (3): 239–245. Bibcode:2003JPPhy.160..239J. doi:10.1078/0176-1617-00947. PMID 12749080.
  8. ^ Katayama H, Fujibayashi Y, Nagaoka S, Sugimura Y (2007). "Cell wall sheath surrounding calcium oxalate crystals in mulberry idioblasts". Protoplasma. 231 (3–4): 245–248. doi:10.1007/s00709-007-0263-x. PMID 17922267. S2CID 29944485.
  9. ^ Hodgkinson A (1977). "Oxalic acid metabolism in higher plants". In A Hodgkinson (ed.). Oxalic Acid Biology and Medicine. Vol. 101. New York: Academic Press. pp. 131–158. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(79)81066-2. ISBN 9780123517500. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Yang J, Loewus FA (1975). "Metabolic conversion of L-ascorbic acid in oxalate-accumulating plants". Plant Physiol. 56 (2): 283–285. doi:10.1104/pp.56.2.283. PMC 541805. PMID 16659288.
  11. ^ Nuss RF, Loewus FA (1978). "Further studies on oxalic acid biosynthesis in oxalate-accumulating plants". Plant Physiol. 61 (4): 590–592. doi:10.1104/pp.61.4.590. PMC 1091923. PMID 16660342.
  12. ^ Li XX, Franceschi VR (1990). "Distribution of peroxisomes and glycolate metabolism in relation to calcium oxalate formation in Lemna minor L.". Eur J Cell Biol. 51 (1): 9–16. PMID 2184039.
  13. ^ Keates SA, Tarlyn N, Loewus FA, Franceschi VR (2000). "L-Ascorbic acid and L-galactose are sources of oxalic acid and calcium oxalate in Pistia stratiotes". Phytochemistry. 53 (4): 433–440. Bibcode:2000PChem..53..433K. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00448-3. PMID 10731019.
  14. ^ Horner HT, Wagner BL (1980). "The association of druse crystals with the developing stomium of Capsicum annuum (Solanaceae) anthers". Am J Bot. 67 (9): 1347–1360. doi:10.2307/2442137. JSTOR 2442137.
  15. ^ Arnott HJ, Webb MA (1983). "Twin crystals of calcium oxalate in the seed coat of the kidney bean". Protoplasma. 114 (1): 23–34. doi:10.1007/BF01279865. S2CID 180834.
  16. ^ Webb MA (1999). "Cell-mediated crystallization of calcium oxalate in plants". Plant Cell. 11 (4): 751–761. doi:10.1105/tpc.11.4.751. PMC 144206. PMID 10213791.

Read other articles:

SMP Negeri 16 Batam

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. SMPN 16 BatamInformasiJenisSekolah NegeriAlamatLokasiJl. Letjend. S. Parman - Sei Beduk, Batam, Kepri,  IndonesiaMoto SMPN 16 Batam, merupakan salah satu Sekolah Menengah Pertama Negeri yang ada di Provinsi Kepulauan Riau, yang beralamat di Jl. L...

 

Bruce Wayne: The Road Home

Bruce Wayne: The Road HomeCover of Bruce Wayne: The Road Home deluxe edition, art by Shane Davis.Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsTitle(s)Full listFormatsOriginal material for the series has been published as a set of one-shot comics.Genre Superhero Publication dateDecember 2010Number of issues9Main character(s)BatmanRobinRed RobinBatgirlOutsidersCatwomanCommissioner GordonOracleRa's al GhulCreative teamWriter(s)Batman and RobinFabian NiciezaRed RobinFabian NiciezaBatgirlBryan Q....

 

John H. Raney

American politician John Raney redirects here. For the Texas politician, see John N. Raney. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, November 9, 1894 John Henry Raney (September 28, 1849 – January 23, 1928) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri. Born in Gravelton, Missouri, Raney attended Union School, Des Arc, Missouri, and Woods School, Virginia Settlement, Missouri. He served as judge of the county court of Wayne County in 1880–1882. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1881 and commenced ...

Naturschutzbund Deutschland

For the computer system, see NABU Network. 52°31′23″N 13°22′43″E / 52.523136°N 13.378625°E / 52.523136; 13.378625 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Naturschutzbund Deutschland – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2020) (Learn how and when to r...

 

The Emancipator (newspaper)

American anti-slavery newspaper This article is about the anti-slavery newspaper established in 1833. For the anti-slavery newspaper named in 1820, see The Emancipator (1820). For the 21st-century online newspaper, see The Emancipator (website). The Emancipator(nameplate)Genius of Universal EmancipationVol. 3, No. 12 (Whole No. 288)(third series)October 1833TypeWeekly newspaperOwner(s)American Anti-Slavery Society (1833–1836)Liberty Party (1840–1850)Founder(s)Arthur TappanEditorJoshua Lea...

 

Jefferson–Hemings controversy

Historical debate Further information: Sally Hemings, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Jefferson and slavery This article is part of a series aboutThomas Jefferson Early life and political career Early life and career Declaration of Independence Committee of Five Notes on the State of Virginia Minister to France Secretary of State First Party System 1796 election Vice presidency Personal life 3rd President of the United States Presidency First term 1800 election 1st inauguration Jeffersonian demo...

ヨハネス12世 (ローマ教皇)

ヨハネス12世 第130代 ローマ教皇 教皇就任 955年12月16日教皇離任 964年5月14日先代 アガペトゥス2世次代 レオ8世個人情報出生 937年スポレート公国（中部イタリア）スポレート死去 964年5月14日 教皇領、ローマ原国籍 スポレート公国親 父アルベリーコ2世（スポレート公）、母アルダその他のヨハネステンプレートを表示 ヨハネス12世（Ioannes XII、937年 - 964年5月14日）は、ロ...

 

2018 European Athletics Championships – Men's 1500 metres

Men's 1500 metres at the 2018 European Athletics ChampionshipsVenueOlympic StadiumLocationBerlinDatesAugust 8 (round 1)August 10 (final)Competitors34 from 19 nationsWinning time3:38.10Medalists  Jakob Ingebrigtsen   Norway Marcin Lewandowski   Poland Jake Wightman   Great Britain← 20162022 → 2018 EuropeanAthletics ChampionshipsTrack events100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 mmenwomen1500 mmenwo...

 

Seth Gilliam

Seth GilliamGilliam at Brussels Comic Con in 2020Lahir5 November 1968 (umur 55)Long Island, New York, ASPendidikanState University of New York at Purchase (1990)PekerjaanActorTahun aktif1990–sekarangDikenal atasThe Wireas Ellis CarverThe Walking Deadas Gabriel StokesTeen Wolfas Dr. Alan Deaton Seth Gilliam (lahir 5 November 1968) adalah seorang aktor Amerika Serikat. Dia terkenal karena perannya sebagai Ellis Carver di The Wire, Clayton Hughes di Oz, Dr. Alan Deaton di Teen Wolf,...

Dakwah

Bagian dari seriIslam Rukun Iman Keesaan Allah Malaikat Kitab-kitab Allah Nabi dan Rasul Allah Hari Kiamat Qada dan Qadar Rukun Islam Syahadat Salat Zakat Puasa Haji Sumber hukum Islam al-Qur'an Sunnah (Hadis, Sirah) Tafsir Akidah Fikih Syariat Sejarah Garis waktu Muhammad Ahlulbait Sahabat Nabi Khulafaur Rasyidin Khalifah Imamah Ilmu pengetahuan Islam abad pertengahan Penyebaran Islam Penerus Muhammad Budaya dan masyarakat Akademik Akhlak Anak-anak Dakwah Demografi Ekonomi Feminisme Filsafat...

 

Dollar Tree

American discount variety store chain Dollar Tree, Inc.Dollar Tree store in Griffin, GeorgiaTrade nameDollar TreeFormerlyOnly $1.00Dollar Tree Stores, Inc.Company typePublicTraded asNasdaq: DLTRNasdaq-100 componentS&P 500 componentIndustryRetail, variety, discountPredecessorsK&K 5&10 (1953–1986)Only $1.00 (1986–1993)Founded1953; 71 years ago (1953)April 17, 1986Sumter, South Carolina, U.S.HeadquartersChesapeake, Virginia, U.S.Number of locations15,288 (F...

 

Balocco

Balocco komune di Italia Tempat Negara berdaulatItaliaDaerah di ItaliaPiemonteProvinsi di ItaliaProvinsi Vercelli NegaraItalia PendudukTotal218  (2023 )GeografiLuas wilayah16,81 km² [convert: unit tak dikenal]Ketinggian166 m Berbatasan denganFormigliana San Giacomo Vercellese Villarboit Buronzo Carisio Informasi tambahanKode pos13040 Zona waktuUTC+1 UTC+2 Kode telepon0161 ID ISTAT002009 Kode kadaster ItaliaA601 Lain-lainSitus webLaman resmi Balocco adalah komune yang terletak di di...

This Is My Story

This article is about the 1963 album. For Eleanor Roosevelt's 1937 memoir, see This Is My Story (memoir). 1963 compilation album by Dinah WashingtonThis Is My StoryCompilation album by Dinah WashingtonReleasedApril 1963Recorded1961GenreVocal jazzLabelMercury Records MG 20788Dinah Washington chronology Dinah '63(1963) This Is My Story(1963) In Tribute(1964) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic[1] This Is My Story: Volume One is a final compilation album by Amer...

 

Shokotsu River

River in Hokkaidō, Japan Shokutsu River渚滑川Native nameShokotsu-gawa (Japanese)LocationCountryJapanStateHokkaidōRegionAbashiriDistrictMonbetsuMunicipalitiesMonbetsu, TakinouePhysical characteristicsSourceMount Teshio • locationTakinoue, Hokkaidō, Japan • coordinates43°57′52″N 142°53′17″E / 43.96444°N 142.88806°E / 43.96444; 142.88806 • elevation1,557.6 m (5,110 ft) MouthSea of Okhots...

 

丹麥地理

丹麦位于欧洲北部，是一个传统的北欧国家。国土东临波罗的海，西接北海，北部隔斯卡格拉克海峡与挪威隔海相望，东北则隔厄勒海峡和卡特加特海峡与瑞典隔海相望，南部与德国的石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因州接壤。领土主要由日德兰半岛、菲英岛和西兰岛以及近海的443个有名岛屿组成（全国共有1419个岛屿面积大于100平方米，其中72个岛屿无人居住）。丹麦的本土面积为430...

Johan Henric Kellgren

Swedish poet and critic (1751–1795) 19th century portrait of Kellgren,engraved by Evald Hansen [sv] Johan Henric Kellgren (1 December 1751 – 20 April 1795) was a Swedish poet and critic. Biography He was born at Floby in Västergötland (now part of Falköping Municipality, Västra Götaland County). He studied at the Royal Academy of Turku, and already had some reputation as a poet when he became a docent in aesthetics at the school in 1774.[1] Three years later he m...

 

كارلا كورتيخو

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (مارس 2017) كارلا كورتيخو معلومات شخصية الميلاد 21 يوليو 1987 (العمر 37 سنة)سان خوان الطول 5 قدم 8 بوصة (1.7 م) مركز اللعب لاعب هجوم خلفي الجنسية  بورتوريكو الوزن 61 كيلو...

 

Millwall Football Club 2022-2023

Questa voce sull'argomento stagioni delle società calcistiche inglesi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Voce principale: Millwall Football Club. Millwall Football ClubStagione 2022-2023Sport calcio Squadra Millwall Allenatore Gary Rowett Presidente John Berlyson Football League Championship8º posto FA CupTerzo turno English Football League CupPrimo turno StadioThe Den (19 734 posti) 2021-2022 2023-2024 Si invita a seguire il ...

Puente Ezequiel Demonty

Para la terminal ferroviaria, véase Estación Puente Alsina. Para la batalla de 1880, véase Batalla de Puente Alsina. Para la película argentina dirigida por José Agustín Ferreyra en 1935, véase Puente Alsina (película). Puente Ezequiel Demonty (ex Puente Alsina) Patrimonio Cultural de Buenos Aires El puente, popularmente llamado Alsina, sobre el RiachueloUbicaciónPaís  ArgentinaLocalidad Buenos AiresValentín AlsinaUbicación Nueva Pompeya y Valentín AlsinaCoordenadas 34°39�...

 

Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor

Yang di-Pertuan Agong since 2024 In this Malay name, there is no surname or family name. The name Iskandar is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by their given name, Ibrahim. The word ibni means 'son of'. IbrahimإبراهيمIbrahim in 2019Yang di-Pertuan Agong XVIIReign31 January 2024 – presentInstallation20 July 2024PredecessorAbdullahDeputyNazrin ShahSultan of JohorReign23 January 2010 – presentCoronation23 March 2015PredecessorIskandarHeir apparentTunku IsmailBorn (19...