Domicide

Notable examples of domicide

Bombing of the Gaza Strip

Bombing of Tokyo

Bombing of Dresden

Bombing of Warsaw

Domicide (from Latin domus, meaning home or abode, and caedo, meaning deliberate killing, though used here metaphorically) is the deliberate destruction of housing by human agency in pursuit of specified goals.^[1]^[2] This also encompasses the widespread destruction of a living environment, forcing the incumbent humans to move elsewhere.^[1]^[3] The concept of domicide originated in the 1970s, but only assumed its present meaning in 2022, after a report by the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Adequate Housing, Balakrishnan Rajagopal.^[2]^[4]^[5]

Rajagopal has argued that international law should be amended to consider domicide to be a war crime.^[6]

Examples

Notable historical examples of domicide include: the American Bombing of Tokyo, which was the most destructive and deadly non-nuclear bombing in human history,^[7] the bombing of Warsaw and Dresden and the destruction perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia.^[8]

The recent Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip is considered to be the one of the most destructive campaigns in history.^[9] Balakrishnan Rajagopal, advisor to the United Nations on dams and Special Rapporteur on adequate housing accused Israel of committing domicide in the Gaza Strip during the Israel-Hamas war.^[10]^[11]

John Porteus and Sandra Smith in their book Domicide: The Global Destruction of Home also highlight the Indian Removal Act as a definite case of domicide.^[12]

See also

References

^ ^a ^b Porteous & Smith 2001, p. 12.
^ ^a ^b Ahituv, Netta (4 January 2024). "Amid Israeli Destruction in Gaza, a New Crime Against Humanity Emerges: Domicide". Haaretz. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
^ Sullivan, Becky (9 February 2024). "What is 'domicide,' and why has war in Gaza brought new attention to the term?". National Public Radio. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
^ "Report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, and on the right to non-discrimination in this context, Balakrishnan Rajagopal (A/77/190) [EN/AR/RU/ZH] - World". Reliefweb. 28 October 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
^ ""Domicide" must be recognised as an international crime: UN expert". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 28 October 2022.
^ Rajagopal, Balakrishnan (29 January 2024). "Opinion | Domicide: The Mass Destruction of Homes Should Be a Crime Against Humanity". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
^ Long, Tony (9 March 2011). "March 9, 1945: Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy". Wired. 1945: In the single deadliest air raid of World War II, 330 American B-29s rain incendiary bombs on Tokyo, touching off a firestorm that kills upwards of 100,000 people, burns a quarter of the city to the ground, and leaves a million homeless.
^ Collins, Andrew E. (2009). Disaster and Development. Routledge. p. 109. ISBN 9780203879238.
^ Frankel, Julia (11 January 2024). "Israel's military campaign in Gaza seen as among the most destructive in recent history, experts say". AP News.
^ "UN rights expert condemns 'systematic' war-time mass destruction of homes | UN News". news.un.org. United Nations. 5 March 2024. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
^ "Mr. Balakrishnan Rajagopal". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.
^ Porteous & Smith 2001, p. 77–80.

Works cited

Porteous, Douglas; Smith, Sandra E. (2001). Domicide: The Global Destruction Of Home. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 9780773569614.

Further reading

Akesson, Bree; Basso, Andrew R. (February 2022). From Bureaucracy to Bullets: Extreme Domicide and the Right to Home. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-1978802728.
Azzouz, Ammar (November 2022). Domicide: Architecture, War and the Destruction of Home in Syria. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1350248106.

External links

Look up domicide in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Domicide: The Mass Destruction of Homes Should Be a Crime Against Humanity, MIT Faculty Newsletter (January—March 2024)

Genocides
(list by death toll)

Before 1490
Destruction of Carthage (146 BCE) Asiatic Vespers (88 BCE) Gauls (50s BCE) Eburones Bar Kokhba (132–136) Visigothic Jews under Egica (693) Ancestral Puebloans (800s) Harrying of the North (1069–1070) Mongol conquests (1200s–1360s) Cathars (1209–1229) Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate (1311) Assyria (1393–1394) Guanches (1402–1496)

Taíno (1493–1550)
Ainu (1500s–)
Indigenous peoples in Brazil
- 11th Parallel massacre (1963)
- Tanaru (1970s–2009)
- Helmet massacre (1988)
- Akuntsu (1990)
- Haximu (1993)
- Yanomami (2019–2023)
Jaragua massacre (1503)
Aztecs (1521)
Yaqui (1533–1939)
Vergonha (1539–)
Kashmiri Shias (1548–1872)
Huguenots (1572)
Japanese Christians (1597–1871)
Kalinago (1626)
Lameyans (1636)
Indigenous peoples in the United States
- Pequots (1636–1638)
- Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
  - Huron
- Sullivan Expedition (1779)
- Coshocton Expedition (1781)
- Gnadenhutten massacre (1782)
- Indian removal (1830–1847)
- Trail of Tears (1830–1850)
- California (1846–1873)
- Dakota (1862)
- Sand Creek massacre (1864)
- Osage Indian murders (1918–1931)
- Cultural genocide
- Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
Indigenous peoples in Canada
- Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
  - Huron
- Beothuk (1700s–1800s)
- Residential school system (1874–1996)
- Sixties Scoop (1951–1985)
- Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate (1648–1657)
1740 Batavia massacre (1740)
Great Gypsy Round-up (1749)
Dzungars (1750s)
Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II (1780–1783)
Chechens (1785–2017)
French Hatians (1804)
Indigenous peoples in Australia
- Black War (1825–1832)
- Stolen Generations (1869–1977)
- Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
al-Jawazi (1816)
Navarino massacre (1821)
Siege of Tripolitsa (1821)
Pacification of Algeria (1830–1875)
- El Ouffia
Charrúa (1831)
Moriori (1835)
Manchus (1850–1864)
Circassians (1860s)
Mapuche (1870s–1884)
Indigenous peoples in Putumayo (1879–1913)
Congolese (1885–1908)
Hazaras (1888–1893)
Selk'nam (1890s–1900s)
Ava Guaraní (1892)
Hamidian massacres (1894–1896)
Herero and Nama (1904–1907)
Ukame (1905–1907)
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
- Albanians in the Balkan Wars (1912–1913)

Late Ottoman genocides
- Greeks (1913–1923)
  - Pontic Greeks
- Thracian Bulgarians (1913)
- Assyrians (1915–1919)
- Armenians (1915–1917)
- Christians in Diyarbekir (1915)
- Kurds (1916–1934)
Indigenous peoples in Venezuela
- Pemon
Duala (1914–1916)
Kyrgyz (1916–1917)
Jews during the Russian Civil War (1917–1920)
- Russian White Terror
Cossacks (1919–1933)
Hungarian White Terror (1919–1921)
Ingrian Finns (1920s–1930s)
Kantō Massacre (1923)
Napalpí massacre (1924)
Kinder der Landstrasse (1926–1973)
Japanese war crimes in the Pacific War
- Manchukuo (1931–1945)
- Nanjing Massacre (1937–1938)
- Three Alls policy (1940–1942)
- Sook Ching (1942)
- Nanshitou massacre (1942–1945)
Libyan Arabs (1929–1934)
Kazakhs (1930–1933)
La Matanza (1932)
Holodomor (1932–1933)
Simele massacre (1933)
Romani Holocaust (1935–1945)
Spanish White Terror (1936–1947)
Polish Operation (1937–1938)
Alevi Kurds (1937–1938)
Parsley massacre (1937)
Generalplan Ost (1939–1945)
- Poland
- Baltic lands
- Croatia
- Czech lands
- Ukraine
The Holocaust (1941–1945)
German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs (1941–1945)
Serbs in Croatia (1941–1945)
Muslims and Croats in Serbia (1941–1945)
Volhynian and Eastern Galician Poles (1943–1945)
Chechens and Ingush (1944–1948)
Crimean Tatars (1944–1948)

Hyderabadi Muslims (1948)
Indigenous peoples in Paraguay (1956–1989)
Maya (1962–1996)
Arab and Indian Zanzibaris (1964)
1966 anti-Igbo pogrom (1966)
Biafra (1966–1970)
Feyli Kurds (1970–2003)
Bangladesh (1971)
Acholi and Lango (1972–1979)
Burundi
- 1972
- 1993
East Timor (1974–1999)
Cambodian (1975–1979)
Jummas (1977–1997)
Baganda (1981–1985)
Sabra and Shatila massacre (1982)
Sri Lankan Tamils (1983–2009)
Gukurahundi (1983–1987)
Kuwaiti Bedoon (1985–)
Anfal (1986–1989)
Isaaq (1987–1989)
National Population Program (1987–2002)
Amhara (1990–)
Ahwaris (1991–2003)
Bosnian (1992–1995)
- Srebrenica massacre
Rwandan (1994)
Hutus during the First Congo War (1996–1997)

21st century
Effacer le tableau (2002–2003) Darfur (2003–) Masalit massacres Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs (2003–) Southern Kaduna (2011–2023) Iraqi Turkmen (2014–2017) Yazidis (2014–2017) Shias under ISIS (2014–) Christians under ISIS (2014–) Rohingyas, Kachins, and Burmese Muslims (2017–) Gaza Strip (2023–)

Terms

Methods

Issues

Legal proceedings

Holocaust trials (1943–2022)

Krasnodar trial (1943)
Kharkov trial (1943)
Épuration légale (1944–1951)
Majdanek trials (1944–1989)
Chełmno trials (1945–2001)
Dachau trials (1945–1947)
Belsen trials (1945–1948)
Euthanasia trials (1945–1949)
Nuremberg trial (1945–1946)
Minsk trial (1945–1946)
Riga trial (1946)
Stutthof trials (1946–1947)
Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials (1946–1953)
Supreme National Tribunal (1946–1948)
Hamburg Ravensbrück trials (1946–1948)
Nuremberg Military Tribunals (1946–1949)
Erich von Manstein (1949)
Ulm Einsatzkommando trial (1958)
War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia (1961–1962)
Eichmann trial (1961)
Belzec trial (1963–1965)
Frankfurt Auschwitz trials (1963–1989)
Treblinka trials (1964–1970)
Sobibor trial (1965–1966)
Fedorenko trial (1986)
Finta trial (1994)

20th century

Budak trial (1945)
International Military Tribunal for the Far East (1946–1948)
Belgrade Process (1946)
Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal (1946–1948)
Bosnian genocide case (1993–2007)
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993–2017)
- Slobodan Milošević (2002–2006)
- Radovan Karadžić (2008–2016)
- Ratko Mladić (2011–2017)
Trials of the Derg members (1994–2008)
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (1994–2015)
Khmer Rouge Tribunal (1997–2022)
Croatia–Serbia genocide case (1999–2015)

21st century

International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur (2005–)
Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka (2010–2023)
International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh (2012–)
Rohingya genocide case (2019–)
Uyghur Tribunal (2020–2021)
International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine (2022–)
Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022–)
South Africa v. Israel (2023–)
Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al (2023–2024)
Nicaragua v. Germany (2024)

v t e Religious persecution and discrimination
By group	Atheism Campaigns in China Exclusivism Baháʼí Faith Buddhism Christianity Persecution Catholicism Eastern Orthodoxy Jehovah's Witnesses LDS or Mormon Protestantism Tewahedo Orthodoxy post–Cold War era Falun Gong Hinduism Persecution Untouchability Islam Persecution Ahmadiyya Shi'ism Sufism Sunnism minority Muslim Judaism Persecution Neopaganism Rastafari Sikhism Yazidism Zoroastrianism
Methods	Censorship Blood libel Communal violence Cultural genocide Deprogramming Desecration Domicide Discrimination Ethnic cleansing Ethnic conflict Extrajudicial killing Extrajudicial punishment Exclusivism Forced conversion Forced displacement Hate crime Iconoclasm Intolerance Pogrom Political violence Population cleansing Population transfer Sectarian violence Social cleansing Segregation State atheism State religion Terrorism Violence War
Events	Persecution of Canaanite Pagans (1210 BC-1200 BC) Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire (64–313) Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire (c. 324–c. 491) Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent (c.550–c. 1200) Yellow Turban Rebellion (c.184–c. 205) Battle of Tours (732) Rhineland massacres (1096) Jerusalem massacre (1099) Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent (643–1526) Inquisition (1184–1908) Massacre at Ayyadieh (1191) Northern Crusades (12th–16th cent.) Crusades against Christians (13th–15th cent.) Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain (1500–1526) European wars of religion (1522–1712) Ottoman–Habsburg wars (1526–1791) Goa Inquisition (1561–1812) French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) Expulsion of the Moriscos (1609–1614) Test Acts (1673–1829) Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction (1683–1922) Christianization of the Sámi people (1700s) French Revolutionary dechristianisation (1789–1801) Utah War (1857–1858) 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war (1860) Circassian genocide (1864) Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) Adana massacre (1909) Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars (1912–1913) Greek genocide (1913–1922) Pontic Greek genocide Assyrian genocide (1914–1924) Armenian genocide (1915–1923) Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc (1917–1990) Soviet persecution (1922–1991) 1917–1921 1921–1928 1928–1941 1958–1964 1970–1987 legislation Šahovići massacre (1924) White Terror (Spain) (1936–1975) Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses (1933) The Holocaust (1939–1945) Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945) Communist Polish persecution (1945–1989) Communist Romanian persecution (1945–1989) Noakhali riots (1946) Direct Action Day (1946) 1946 Bihar riots (1946) Rawalpindi massacres (1947) Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan (1947–ongoing) Violence against Muslims in India (1947–ongoing) Violence against Hindus in independent India (1947–ongoing) 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight (1948) Jewish exodus from the Muslim world (1948–1980) Antireligious campaigns in China (1949–ongoing) Persecution of Tibetans (1950–ongoing) Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950) Religious violence in Nigeria (1953–ongoing) Istanbul pogrom (1955) Buddhist crisis (1963) Huế Phật Đản shootings (1963) Thích Quảng Đức (1963) Xá Lợi Pagoda raids (1963) Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) Four Olds (1966) Famen Temple (1966) Bangladesh genocide (1971) Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh (1971–ongoing) Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) Cambodian genocide (1975–1979) 1984 anti-Sikh riots (1984) Revival Process (1984–1989) Big Excursion (1989) Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus (1990) Yugoslav Wars (1991–2001) Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War (1992–1996) Bosnian genocide (1995) War crimes in the Kosovo War (1999) Walisongo school massacre (2000) Kosheh massacres (2000) September 11 attacks (2001) 2002 Gujarat riots (2002) South Thailand insurgency (2004–ongoing) Boko Haram insurgency (2009–ongoing) Maspero demonstrations (2011) Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh (2013–2016) Yazidi genocide (2014–2017) Genocide of Christians by ISIL (2014–ongoing) Iraqi Turkmen genocide (2014–2017) Persecution of Uyghurs in China (2014–ongoing) Rohingya genocide (2016–ongoing) Christchurch mosque shootings (2019) 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings (2019) 2020 Delhi riots (2020) 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel (2023) 2024 Istanbul church shooting Crocus City Hall attack (2024)
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アメリカ合衆国の歴史 (1865-1918)

アメリカ合衆国の歴史_(1865-1918)

アメリカ合衆国の歴史年表先コロンブス期植民地時代 1776年-1789年 1789年-1849年 1849年-1865年 1865年-1918年 1918年-1945年 1945年-1964年 1964年-1980年 1980年-1991年 1991年-現在テーマ別領土の変遷領土獲得（英語版）外交史軍事史技術・産業史経済史文化史（英語版）政教分離史南北戦争南部史西部開拓時代公民権運動 (1896年-1954年)（英語版）公民権運動 (1955年–1968年) ...