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Dinizia excelsa
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Subfamily:	Caesalpinioideae
Genus:	Dinizia
Species:	D. excelsa
Binomial name
	Dinizia excelsa; Ducke

Dinizia excelsa is a South American canopy-emergent tropical rainforest tree species in the family Fabaceae, native to primarily Brazil and Guyana.^[4]^[5] In Portuguese it is known as angelim-vermelho, angelim, angelim-pedra, and paricá, or sometimes angelim-falso, faveira, faveira-dura, faveira-ferro or faveiro-do-grande.^[6] In Trio it is called awaraimë. In Wapisiana it is called parakwa.

Description

It is the tallest-growing species in the pea family, Fabaceae and one of the tallest tropical tree species in any family, reaching 60 m (200 ft) and taller. The unarmed trunk is cylindrical, the bole of larger specimens 15–22.5 m (49–74 ft), up to 3 m (9.8 ft) in diameter at soil level. The DBH of mature specimens is typically between 80 and 200 cm (31 and 79 in), moderately to strongly buttressed, the buttresses to 4–5 m (13–16 ft) tall.^[7]^[5]

The heartwood is reddish brown with a slightly paler sapwood. The wood is durable and difficult to work with due to its density and irregular grain.^[4]

Distribution and habitat

It is found in Guyana, Suriname and Amazonia Brazil (in the northern and central-western states of Amapa, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Para, Rondonia, Roraima and Tocantins). Also recorded from the state of Acre by Lorenzi (1992).^[8]

The species grows in non-inundated moist and upland mixed forests known as "floresta ombrofila mista", tropical forest on "terra firme", tropical upland evergreen forest, and tropical dry forest.^[7] It has been recorded at elevations from 50 to 490 m (160 to 1,610 ft).^[7]

Tallest tree

The tallest measured specimen is 88.5 m (290 ft) with a circumference of 5.5 m (18 ft), which is believed to be about 400 years old, discovered near Jari River in Inipuku (municipality of Almeirim, Para state) in 2019.^[9]^[10] The discovery was made using airborne laser scanning (ALS) and field verification in Paru State Forest, which is shared by the Brazilian Amazon basin states of Amapa and Para.^[11]^[12]^[13] On 7 October 2022 a group of researchers reached the tree and measured a circumference of 9.9 m (32 ft).

References

^ Canteiro, C.; Lewis, G. (2019). "Dinizia excelsa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T62023598A62023601. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T62023598A62023601.en. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
^ tropicos.org / Dinizia excelsa Ducke
^ theplantlist.org / Dinizia excelsa Ducke
^ ^a ^b wood-database.com / Angelim vermelho
^ ^a ^b plantsoftheworldonline.org / Dinizia excelsa Ducke
^ Lorenzi (1992).
^ ^a ^b ^c Lewis GP et al. 2017. The majestic canopy-emergent genus Dinizia (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae), including a new species endemic to the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo. Kew Bulletin 72:48. DOI 10.1007/S12225-017-9720-7
^ gbif.org / Dinizia excelsa Ducke, 1922
^ inverse.com / The Amazon’s Tallest Trees Are Safe (for Now), By Nina Pullano on September 12, 2019
^ mongabay.com / LIDAR technology leads Brazilian team to 30 stories tall Amazon tree, by Jenny Gonzales on 11 November 2019
^ Gorgens, Eric Bastos; Motta, Alline Zagnoli; Assis, Mauro; Nunes, Matheus Henrique; Jackson, Tobias; Coomes, David; Rosette, Jacqueline; Aragão, Luiz Eduardo Oliveira e Cruz; Ometto, Jean Pierre (September 2019). "The giant trees of the Amazon basin". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 17 (7): 373–374. Bibcode:2019FrEE...17..373G. doi:10.1002/fee.2085. S2CID 202845660. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
^ Langlois, Jill (27 September 2019). "Researchers Discover the Tallest Known Tree in the Amazon". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
^ theconversation.com / The Amazon’s tallest tree just got 50% taller – and scientists don’t know how, September 11, 2019