Die Freiheitlichen

Not to be confused with Freedom Party of South Tyrol.

Die Freiheitlichen
PresidentRoland Stauder and Otto Mahlknecht (acting)
SecretaryDietmar Zwerger
Honorary PresidentPius Leitner
Founded7 December 1992
Split fromUnion for South Tyrol
South Tyrolean People's Party
HeadquartersVia della Chiesa 62
Terlan (BZ)
IdeologyRegionalism
German-speaking minority interests
Right-wing populism
Separatism
Political positionRight-wing[1]
Chamber of Deputies
0 / 630
Senate
0 / 315
European Parliament
0 / 73
Provincial Council
1 / 35
Website
die-freiheitlichen.com

Die Freiheitlichen (German: [diː ˈfʁaɪhaɪtlɪçn̩]), abbreviated dF) is a regionalist,[2] separatist,[citation needed] and right-wing populist[3] political party in South Tyrol. The party, which is part of the South Tyrolean independence movement, seeks to represent the German-speaking majority and Ladin-speaking minority in the province and to separate it from Italy.[4]

Broadly speaking, the party's ideology is similar to that of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ),[2] and the two parties maintain close contacts.[5] The party was long led by Pius Leitner, who led it to become the second-largest party after the dominant South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) in the 2013 provincial elections, the party's best result so far. The party's name is variously translated into English as "The Freedomites",[6] a term frequently used for FPÖ's members by English media,[7][8][9][10] and by the FPÖ itself,[11] "The Libertarians",[12][13][14] and "The Liberals".[4][15]

History

Foundation and early years

In 1992, a group of young right-wingers left the South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP). They were led by the "Gang of Four": Christian Waldner (former leader of the Junge Generation, SVP's youth section), Peter Paul Reiner, Pius Leitner and Stephan Gutweniger.

The new party was launched on 7 December 1992. It was soon joined by disgruntled former members of the Freedom Party of South Tyrol (FPS) who had been marginalized after FPS' merger into the Union for South Tyrol (UfS). The move was strongly encouraged by Jörg Haider, at the time leader of the Freedom Party of Austria, colloquially known as die Freiheitlichen too.[16] Gerold Meraner, former member of the Party of Independents and former leader of the FPS and founding member of the UfS, considered the new party as the legitimate heir of his FPS.[17]

Under Waldner's leadership, the party won 6.1% of the vote in the 1993 provincial election and got two provincial councillors elected, Waldner and Leitner. Soon after the election, a divide emerged between Waldner, who espoused more nationalist attitudes, and Leitner, who was the leader of the party's liberal faction. In 1994, Waldner left and started a short-lived party, "The Liberals" (renamed "Alliance 98" in 1996).[16]

Decline and resurgence

In February 1997, Waldner was shot dead by his former political ally Reiner.[18] This dramatic event was a shock for the party and led it into a decline which seemed irreversible. In the 1998 provincial election, the party's share of vote was only 2.5% and Leitner alone was elected in the Provincial Council.[19]

However, the party held on and experienced a quick resurgence in the 2003 provincial election, in which it jumped to 5.0% of the vote, resulting in two provincial councillors again: Leitner and Ulli Mair, a young woman who had been party secretary since 2001[20] and would become a significant figure within the party.

In the 2006 general election, dF obtained 5.4%.[21] In the 2008 general election, they almost doubled their share of vote to 9.4%.[22]

In the 2008 provincial election, dF became the second-largest party in the Province with the 14.3% of the vote (a net gain of 9.3%) and had five provincial councillors elected (up from the previous two). For the first time in history, the two largest political forces of South Tyrol were German-speaking parties.[23]

More electoral successes

In February 2012, after 18 years at the head of the party, Leitner chose to step down and promote Mair as his successor.[24][25]

In March 2012, in the midst of the European debt crisis and consequent recession in Italy, the party officially turned to separatism, proposing the creation of a South Tyrolean independent and sovereign Freistaat (free state) through a referendum, which would need the approval also of the Italian-speaking minority.[26][27][28]

In the 2013 general election, the party won 15.9% of the vote, its best result ever in a general election.[29]

In the 2013 provincial election, dF won 17.9% (another record high and +3.6pp since 2008), resulting in six provincial councillors.[30]

In the 2014 European Parliament election, the party ran in alliance with Lega Nord (LN),[31] with Leitner obtaining virtually 7,000 preference votes.[32]

Scandal and new leadership

In June 2014, following a scandal on advance retirement payments which invested all the regional councillors,[33] the party entirely renewed its leadership by electing Walter Blaas president and appointing Simon Auer secretary.[34][35] The alliance with the LN was cemented by the endorsement of South Tyrolean self-determination by LN leader Matteo Salvini,[36][37] and the candidacy of Rosa Lamprecht, Blaas' wife, in the slate of Lega Alto Adige Südtirol (LAAST) in the 2016 Bolzano municipal election.[38]

In March 2017, Leitner resigned from the Provincial Council after being convicted in a minor expenses scandal.[39]

In May 2017, Andreas Leiter Reber, a hardliner, was elected party president, by beating the more moderate Arno Mall,[40] and re-launched the concept of Freistaat.[41]

The dF did not participate in the 2018 general election, while losing two thirds of its support in the 2018 provincial election, when it stopped at 6.2%.

In January 2023, Leiter Reber stepped down in favour of Sabine Zoderer, who was elected president during a congress in February.[42]

Provincial government

In the 2023 provincial election, the party was reduced to 4.9%, but confirmed its two provincial councillors, Mair and Leiter Reber. Immediately after the election, Zoderer, who had obtained fewer preference votes than expected for a leader, stepped down from president and left the party altogether.[43] However, due to the high fragmentation in the Provincial Council, the party had the chance to join for the first time the provincial government, led for the third consecutive time by Arno Kompatscher, along with the SVP, the Brothers of Italy (FdI), the LAAST and The Civic List (LC), and Mair was appointed minister in charge of housing, security and violence prevention.[44][45][46][47] Leiter Reber chose not to give the vote of confidence to the government;[48][49] in February 2024, Leiter Reber left the party and formed the Free Group in the Provincial Council,[50][51][52][53] while still giving occasional support to the government.[54]

The electoral results of the party in the Province of Bolzano since 1993 are shown in the tables below.

1993 provinc. 1994 general 1994 European 1996 general 1998 provinc. 1999 European 2001 general 2003 provinc. 2004 European 2006 general
6.1 - - - 2.5 - - 5.0 - 5.4
2008 general 2008 provinc. 2009 European 2013 general 2013 provinc. 2014 European 2018 general 2018 provinc. 2019 European 2022 general 2023 provincial
9.4 14.3 - 15.9 17.9 6.0[a] - 6.2 - - 4.9
  1. ^ In list with the Lega Nord.

Election results

Provincial Council

Landtag of South Tyrol
Election year Votes % Seats +/−
1993 18,669 6.1
2 / 35
–
1998 7,543 2.5
1 / 35
Decrease 1
2003 15,121 5.0
2 / 35
Increase 1
2008 43,614 14.3
5 / 35
Increase 3
2013 51,504 17.9
6 / 35
Increase 1
2018 17,620 6.2
2 / 35
Decrease 4
2023 13,836 4.9
2 / 35
–

Leadership

See also

References

  1. ^ Bruno Schoch (2019). "South Tyrol: From "Ethnic Re-parcelling" to an Archetype for Settling Ethno-territorial Conflicts". In Azer Babayev; Bruno Schoch; Hans-Joachim Spanger (eds.). The Nagorno-Karabakh Deadlock: Insights from Successful Conflict Settlements. Springer. p. 162. ISBN 978-3-658-25199-4.
  2. ^ a b Davide Vampa (2016). The Regional Politics of Welfare in Italy, Spain and Great Britain. Springer. p. 63. ISBN 978-3-319-39007-9.
  3. ^ Christina Schori Liang (2016). "Appendix A: Populist Radical Right Parties". In Christina Schori Liang (ed.). Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right. Routledge. p. 323. ISBN 978-1-317-13986-7.
  4. ^ a b Andrea Carla (2016). "Tensions and Challenges between New and Old minorities: Political Party Discourses on Migration in South Tyrol". In Roberta Medda-Windischer; Patricia Popelier (eds.). Pro-independence Movements and Immigration: Discourse, Policy and Practice. BRILL. p. 70. ISBN 978-90-04-29439-4.
  5. ^ "Pressemitteilungen". Archived from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  6. ^ Tom Lansford, ed. (2017). Political Handbook of the World 2016-2017. SAGE Publications. p. 755. ISBN 978-1-5063-2715-0.
  7. ^ "Search". The Economist. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  8. ^ Murphy, Clare (8 March 2004). "Europe | Haider's enduring appeal". BBC News. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  9. ^ Jones, Nigel (11 October 2008). "From beer hall orator to controversial far Right leader: how Jorg Haider singlehandedly changed Austria's politics". Telegraph. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
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  17. ^ Angerer, Oswald (2000), Die Freiheitlichen Südtirols: Entstehung, Programm, Organisationsstruktur, Akzeptanz; unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Zusammenarbeit mit der Freiheitlichen Partei Österreichs und ihres Standpunktes in der Südtirol-Frage (Diplom thesis) (in German), University of Innsbruck, p. 39
  18. ^ "L' omicida e' l' ideologo degli Schuetzen" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 22 February 1997.
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