Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand

Deputy Prime Minister of
New Zealand
Coat of Arms of New Zealand
Flag of New Zealand
since 27 November 2023
Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
Style
Member of
Reports toPrime Minister of New Zealand
AppointerGovernor-General of New Zealand
Term lengthNo fixed term
Formation13 December 1949; 75 years ago (1949-12-13)
First holderKeith Holyoake
SalaryNZ$354,100 annually[1]

The deputy prime minister of New Zealand (Māori: Te pirimia tuarua o Aotearoa) is the second-most senior member of the Cabinet of New Zealand. The officeholder usually deputises for the prime minister at official functions. The current deputy prime minister is Winston Peters of the NZ First party, who has held the position twice before, and will serve until 31 May 2025 due to an arrangement under the current coalition government in which he would then be succeeded in the position by ACT party leader David Seymour.

The role existed on an informal basis for as long as the office of prime minister/premier has existed, but the office of "deputy prime minister" was formally established as a ministerial portfolio in 1949.[2] This means that Keith Holyoake is considered the first deputy prime minister. It was formally designated as a full cabinet level position in 1954.[3]

Appointment and duties

The post of deputy prime minister was formally established in 1949.[N 1] Eighteen individuals have held the position (two of them doing so twice) and of those people: Holyoake, Marshall, Watt, Muldoon, Palmer, Clark and English have eventually served as prime minister.[N 2] The deputy prime minister has always been a member of the Cabinet, and has always held at least one substantive portfolio.

The deputy prime minister "...can, if necessary" exercise the statutory and constitutional functions and powers of the prime ministership if the prime minister is unavailable or unable.[4] They can also do the same as acting prime minister, in consultation with the prime minister if it is appropriate and practicable.[5] The deputy prime minister can also temporarily act as interim prime minister until the leadership of the government is determined in some cases, like the death of the prime minister.[6]

The position is most commonly held by the deputy leader of the largest party, but since the adoption of the MMP electoral system in 1996 and the greater frequency of coalition governments in New Zealand, the role may instead go to the leader of a junior government party. This occurred has occurred three times with Winston Peters, leader of New Zealand First,[7] and once Jim Anderton, leader of the Alliance.[8] The Sixth National Government, formed in 2023, intends to share the role of deputy prime minister between its two coalition partners for half the term each.[9] Twice, the Labour Party has appointed a senior minister who was not the deputy party leader as the deputy prime minister (Grant Robertson and Carmel Sepuloni).[10]

Little scholarly attention has focused on deputy prime ministers in New Zealand or elsewhere. In 2009, an article by Steven Barnes appeared in Political Science where nine 'qualities' of deputy prime ministership were identified: temperament; relationships with their Cabinet and caucus; relationships with their party; popularity with the public; media skills; achievements as deputy prime minister; relationship with the prime minister; leadership ambition; and method of succession.[11] Barnes conducted a survey of journalists, academics, and former members of parliament to rank New Zealand deputy prime ministers up to that time since 1960. Across the nine deputy prime minister 'qualities', Don McKinnon achieved the number one ranking, followed by Brian Talboys, Michael Cullen, and Jack Marshall. In a second 'overall' ranking, Cullen was ranked number one, followed by Talboys, McKinnon, and Marshall. Winston Peters, Jim Anderton, and Bob Tizard were ranked lowest in both sections of the survey.[11]

List of deputy prime ministers of New Zealand

Key

  Alliance   Labour   National   NZ First

No. Portrait Name Term of office Concurrent portfolio(s) Prime Minister
1 Keith Holyoake
MP for Pahiatua
(1904–1983) 		13 December 1949 20 September 1957 Holland
2 Jack Marshall
MP for Karori
(1912–1988) 		20 September 1957 12 December 1957 Holyoake
3 Jerry Skinner
MP for Buller
(1900–1962) 		12 December 1957 12 December 1960 Nash
(2) Jack Marshall
MP for Karori
(1912–1988) 		12 December 1960 9 February 1972 Holyoake
4 Robert Muldoon
MP for Tamaki
(1921–1992) 		9 February 1972 8 December 1972 Marshall
5 Hugh Watt
MP for Onehunga
(1912–1980) 		8 December 1972 1 September 1974 Kirk
6 Bob Tizard
MP for Otahuhu
(1924–2016) 		10 September 1974 12 December 1975 Rowling
7 Brian Talboys
MP for Wallace
(1921–2012) 		12 December 1975 4 March 1981 Muldoon
8 Duncan MacIntyre
MP for East Cape
(1915–2001) 		4 March 1981 15 March 1984
9 Jim McLay
MP for Birkenhead
(born 1945) 		15 March 1984 26 July 1984
10 Geoffrey Palmer
MP for Christchurch Central
(born 1942) 		26 July 1984 8 August 1989 Lange
11 Helen Clark
MP for Mount Albert
(born 1950) 		8 August 1989 2 November 1990 Palmer
Moore
12 Don McKinnon
MP for Albany
(born 1939) 		2 November 1990 16 December 1996 Bolger
13 Winston Peters
MP for Tauranga
(born 1945) 		16 December 1996 14 August 1998
Shipley
14 Wyatt Creech
MP for Wairarapa
(born 1946) 		14 August 1998 10 December 1999
15 Jim Anderton
MP for Wigram
(1938–2018) 		10 December 1999 15 August 2002 Clark
16 Michael Cullen
List MP
(1945–2021) 		15 August 2002 19 November 2008
17 Bill English
MP for Clutha-Southland (until 2014)
List MP (from 2014)
(born 1961) 		19 November 2008 12 December 2016 Key
18 Paula Bennett
MP for Upper Harbour
(born 1969) 		12 December 2016 26 October 2017 English
(13) Winston Peters
List MP
(born 1945) 		26 October 2017 6 November 2020 Ardern
19 Grant Robertson
MP for Wellington Central
(born 1971) 		6 November 2020 25 January 2023
20 Carmel Sepuloni
MP for Kelston
(born 1977) 		25 January 2023 27 November 2023 Hipkins
(13) Winston Peters
List MP
(born 1945) 		27 November 2023 Incumbent Luxon

Timeline

Carmel SepuloniGrant RobertsonPaula BennettBill EnglishMichael Cullen (politician)Jim AndertonWyatt CreechWinston PetersDon McKinnonHelen ClarkGeoffrey Palmer (politician)Jim MacLayDuncan MacIntyre (New Zealand politician)Brian TalboysBob TizardHugh WattRobert MuldoonJerry SkinnerJack MarshallKeith Holyoake

Notes

  1. ^ A few ministers were referred to as "deputy prime minister" before 1949, such as Peter Fraser and Walter Nash. However, this was a descriptive title and not a formal ministerial portfolio.
  2. ^ Some lists consider Hugh Watt as a New Zealand Prime Minister. Watt served as acting Prime Minister for seven days from 31 August to 6 September 1974 following the death of Norman Kirk. He is not normally counted in the official numbering of New Zealand Prime Ministers.
  1. ^ "Parliamentary Salaries and Allowances Determination 2024 (SL 2024/121) – New Zealand Legislation".
  2. ^ Wilson 1985, p. 118.
  3. ^ Wood, G. A. "Holyoake, Keith Jacka". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  4. ^ "Cabinet Manual 2017" (PDF). New Zealand Government. 2017. 2.13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  5. ^ "Cabinet Manual 2017" (PDF). New Zealand Government. 2017. 2.14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  6. ^ "Cabinet Manual 2017" (PDF). New Zealand Government. 2017. 6.57. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  7. ^ "Rt Hon Winston Peters". New Zealand First. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  8. ^ Vernon Small (7 December 2012). "Labour leader looks to outsiders for deputy". Stuff. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  9. ^ "Coalition deal: Peters to be deputy prime minister first, followed by Seymour". 1 News. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  10. ^ "Carmel Sepuloni set to be deputy PM". Otago Daily Times Online News. 21 January 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023. Caucus elects the Labour party's deputy leader... while the Prime Minister chooses the deputy Prime Minister. The two are usually held by the same person, but [Jacinda] Ardern has had Kelvin Davis as her deputy leader and Grant Robertson as deputy Prime Minister.
  11. ^ a b Barnes, Steven (2009). "What About Me? Deputy Prime Ministership in New Zealand". Political Science. 61 (1): 33–49. doi:10.1177/00323187090610010401. S2CID 143801855.

References

  • Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V R Ward, Government Printer. OCLC 154283103.

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