In the late 1980s, a group of Assyrian youth gathered in Midyat to discuss the situation of Assyrians in Turkey after an increase of attacks directed at them. Assyrians were not recognized as a distinct ethnic group with their own language, and suffered from discrimination and oppression. The continued violence had led to a wave of migration of Assyrians towards Europe, leading a group of Assyrians to create an organization that had the main goal of preventing the exodus of Assyrians from the Assyrian homeland.
This organization, founded in 1995, came to be known as "Tukoso Dawronoyo Mothonoyo d'Bethnahrin", translated as the Patriotic Revolutionary Organization of Bethnahrin (PROB).[3] According to Carl Drott, the etymology behind "Dawronoye" shows that the word is understood to mean "revolutionaries" when in fact it turned out to mean "the modern".[4]
The founding members of Dawronoye found a correlation between the struggle of the Assyrians and Kurds in Turkey, prompting members of the movement to join the local support network of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK).[3] Eventually, members of Dawronoye were arrested for their involvement with the PKK and later released, leading to the migration of some members of the movement to Europe where a diaspora network was eventually founded in European nations such as Sweden, Netherlands, Belgium, Austria and Germany.[4]
In 2000, Dawronoye held their first congress, and members reorganized as the Bethnahrin Freedom Party (Gabo d'Hirutho d'Bethnahrin, or GHB).
Ideology
The organization originated in the late 1980s from the radical left and describes itself as being "revolutionary socialist". Its initial purpose was to attain national rights of Assyrians in Turkey and prevent the exodus of Assyrians from their native homeland. However, the organization's goals were not confined to national rights, but extended to bringing out wider social, political, and cultural change.[3]
Dawronoye avoided involvement with the Assyrian/Syriac name dispute, holding both the Assyrian and Aramean flags at events and would circumvent the name dispute by rallying around the less controversial name of their homeland - Bethnahrain. Dawronoye pushed the idea that Assyrians/Syriacs are the same people, with the same homeland.
On 17 July 1999, the Dawronoye-affiliated Patriotic Revolutionary Organization of Bet Nahrain (PROB) carried out its first attack along with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) [2] against a KDP military compound in the town of Kasre, where 39 Peshmerga fighters were killed and 20 injured. Three days later a second attack was carried out by the group in which several of Masoud Barzani's fighters were killed when an army truck driving on a bridge between Kasre and Hajji Umran was blown up. Both attacks were claimed to be in retaliation to the death of an Assyrian woman, Helen A. Sawa, who was allegedly raped and murdered by a senior KDP official.[5]
Whereas previous generations of Assyrians in Europe had emphasised a Christian identity or (in the 1970s-80s) a secular ethnic identity, rooted in the ancient Assyrian empire, a generation arriving in the 1990s from towns and villages in south-eastern Turkey, who had been radicalised by the Turkish state's suppression of the PKK, identified with Dawronoye ideology. According to one anthropologist, describing the community in Sweden:
A more politicised generation had found their 'revolutionary selves' by supporting the Kurdish cause in the 'Mesopotamian fraternity' through active resistance against state repression; this position represented a break from the historically submissive position of Assyrian–Syriacs with respect to the state... These events led to the formation in 1996 of a new political movement around the Mesopotamia Freedom Party Gabo d'Hirutho d'Bethnahrin (GHB), whose supporters and members are known as Dawronoye d'Bethnahrin (Revolutionaries of Bethnahrin). This party sought to represent all Assyrians, Syriacs and Chaldeans regardless of sectarian or class differences; it aimed to achieve recognition of cultural and political rights of Assyrian–Syriacs as indigenous communities and it sought sovereignty over an ancestral homeland, referred to as Bethnahrin, a territory that encompasses part of Iraq, south-eastern Turkey, western Iran and eastern Syria. The party adopted symbols to raise political and historical consciousness, and it emphasised solidarity with the Kurdish cause.[11]
Most of Dawronoye's activities in Europe centred around the Assyrian genocide, commonly known between Assyrians as "Seyfo", which Turkey refuses to recognize to this present day. Activism for genocide recognition would include street protests, hunger strikes, and building occupations.[11]
In one notable event in 2000, 100 members of the Patriotic Revolutionary Organization of Beth Nahrin forced entry and occupied a government building in Lausanne, Switzerland where the Treaty of Lausanne was signed. The purpose of the occupation was to attract the attention of the media and Swiss government on the denial of Assyrian rights in Turkey due to the Treaty of Lausanne, the continued oppression on the Assyrian people in Turkey, and to call for international recognition of the Assyrian genocide.[12]
On 15 August 2012, members of the Dawronoye-affiliated Syriac Union Party stormed the Syrian embassy in Stockholm in protest of the Syrian government. A dozen of its members were later detained by Swedish police.[13]
A number of delegates representing several Assyrian cultural-political organizations in Europe attended a congress held in Brussels between the 14th and 15 May 2004, to form an alliance that could represent Assyrians in Europe with governmental bodies such as the European Union and European Council. This alliance came to be known as the European Syriac Union with an associated youth group called the ESU Youth.[14]
Rival Assyrian factions accuse the Dawronoye movement of providing a cover for the PYD in harassing non-Kurdish minorities in the areas it controls.[15]
A 2018 blogpost by Assyrian activist[citation needed]Max J. Joseph and Mardean Isaac alleged that the leadership of the movement had engaged in numerous cases of abuses of the Assyrian people, including:
"Extensive harassment and intimidation of Assyrians who resist the policies of the Kurdish self-administration
The imposition of Kurdish nationalist ideology through an overhaul of the education system
Attempts at land confiscation and the annexation of Khabur by Kurdish nationalist forces
Manipulation of rhetoric and propaganda that seek to fully absorb the Assyrian experience into the Kurdish nationalist cause as articulated by the PYD/YPG, paving the way for the long-term absence of any Assyrian representation outside or apart from the Kurdish self-administration."[16]
The authors alleged that the Dawronoye movement existed to create an image of pluralism and inclusion to the outside world by Kurdish leadership in Syria and that it serves to advance Kurdish-nationalist interests within the Assyrian community of Syria.[16]
Other Assyrian membership organisations, in particular those upholding a more traditional interpretation of Assyrian identity,[citation needed] are critical of Dawronoye. One 2015 statement by an Assyrian federations in the diaspora said that "By financing and propping up certain individuals and groups like the Assyrian SUP party and its armed wing the MFS, the PYD attempts to give the impression to the world that it has established good relations with all of the Assyrians in the areas it controls, and not merely with the political and military groups directly under its control. Events and testimony have made it clear that the picture is significantly more complicated."[17]
Closure of Assyrian schools
A 2018 report in the National Review alleged that Kurdish authorities in Syria, in conjunction with Dawronoye officials, had shut down several Assyrian schools in Northern Syria and fired their administration. This was said to be because these schooled failed to register for a license and for rejecting the new curriculum approved by the Education Authority. Closure methods ranged from officially shutting down schools to having armed men enter the schools and shut them down forcefully. An Assyrian educator named Isa Rashid was later badly beaten outside of his home for rejecting the Kurdish self-administration's curriculum.[18][19]
The Assyrian policy institute (API) also alleged that PYD and Dawronoye affiliated authorities had forcefully broken and replaced locks in schools and fired all of their staff without warning. From 1935 until then, these schools had operated under the control of the Syriac Orthodox Church and taught the Syriac language to their students.[20] The API stated that this was an effort by the PYD to "impose a Kurdish nationalist curriculum onto all areas it governs." The forced closures were condemned by the Assyrian Democratic Organization[21] and eventually led to widespread protests by Assyrian civilians in the area.[20][22]
Souleman Yusph arrest
In 2018, the Assyrian Policy Institute reported that Assyrian journalist Souleman Yusph was arrested by the Kurdish Self-Administration in Syria through Dawronoye affiliated forces, allegedly due to his reporting of purported human rights violations enacted by PYK and Dawronoye authorities in Syria.[23] This included forced closures of Assyrian schools, intimidation and imprisonment of rivals, and the severe beating of Isa Rashid.[19]
^ abBiner, Zerrin Özlem (2011). "Multiple imaginations of the state: understanding a mobile conflict about justice and accountability from the perspective of Assyrian–Syriac communities". Citizenship Studies. 15 (3–4). Informa UK Limited: 367–379. doi:10.1080/13621025.2011.564789. ISSN1362-1025. S2CID144086552.
^Gutiérrez de Terán, Ignacio (19 December 2019). "El autonomismo kurdo en Siria: el proyecto de Rojava en el contexto de un estado en flotación". Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos (27). Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad Autonoma de Madrid: 84. doi:10.15366/reim2019.27.006. hdl:10486/690195. ISSN1887-4460. S2CID212889530.
Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the Middle East with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans
