The Modern Principalia: The Historical Evolution of the Philippine Ruling Oligarchy
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Ignacio Dante Cantos Simbulan Sr. (May 3, 1930 – October 12, 2024)[1][2][3][4] was a Filipino educator, author, and military officer best known for his influential role as a voice of social conscience for the generation of cadets who studied at the Philippine Military Academy in the days just prior to the beginning of the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos[5][6][7] — an influence and reputation which led to his being held by the Marcos regime as a political prisoner at Fort Bonifacio and Camp Crame for more than two years without charges.[2][8]
Early life and education
Simbulan was born on May 3, 1930, at Barangay San Miguel, San Simon, Pampanga, to Ignacio Simbulan y de los Santos, also of San Simon, Pampanga, and Apolonia Cantos y Untalán, of Batangas City.[1][3] He studied at the Philippine Military Academy, graduating in 1952.[3][6] He later pursued a Master of Arts in Political Science at the University of the Philippines. In May 1965, he completed his Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science at the Australian National University with a dissertation titled, A Study of the Socio-Economic Elite in Philippine Politics and Government, 1946–1963.
Simbulan was increasingly disillusioned, however, by what he experienced in the field, including financial practices which were unfair to the rank and file, lack of respect for AFP personnel by American forces stationed in the Philippines at the time, and the fact that people ran away in fear whenever soldiers arrived in their villages.[2][3][9] So he accepted an invitation to become an instructor at the PMA in 1955.[3]
Despite already being a full Colonel, Simbulan resigned his commission and his teaching post in the years leading up to Martial Law.[2] To make a living, he took various teaching posts at the Ateneo de Manila University, Maryknoll College (now known as Miriam College), the University of the Philippines, and the Philippine College of Commerce (now Polytechnic University of the Philippines)[11] where he eventually became the Dean of the
Liberal Arts College.[12]
He was imprisoned from 1972 to 1974 he went into exile for the rest of the Marcos administration.[9][7][6]
Simbulan authored several books on Philippine political history, including his memoir Whose Side are We On?, which detailed the events leading up to the declaration of Martial Law from the perspective of a PMA insider;[13] and his 2005 book The Modern Principalia: the Historical Evolution of the Philippine Ruling Oligarchy.[14][15]
^Ileto, Reynaldo Clemeña (2018). "The Centennial of Cacique Democracy". In Cristóbal, Celina S. (ed.). The Adrián Cristóbal Lectures. Makati City: Inyan.
^ abSimbulan, Dante C. (2015). Whose side are we on? memoirs of a PMAer. Quezon City: Center for People Empowerment in Governance. ISBN978-971-95488-5-0.
^Simbulan, Dante C. (2005). The modern principalia: the historical evolution of the Philippine ruling oligarchy. Quezon City: Univ. of the Philippines Press. ISBN978-971-542-496-7.
