Dan (volume)

A dan or shi (Chinese: 石; pinyin: dàn, shí) in China, koku in Japan and seok in Korea, is a unit of volume mainly for grains. It originated in China and later spread to other places in East Asia.[1] One dan is divided into 10 dous or 100 shengs. It is 100 litres in China,[2][3] 180.39 litres in Japan[4] and 180 litres in Korea.[5]

China

Table of Chinese volume units effective since 1930[2][6]
Pinyin Character Relative value Metric value US value Imperial value Notes
cuō 撮 1⁄1000 1 mL 0.0338 fl oz 0.0352 fl oz millilitre
sháo 勺 1⁄100 10 mL 0.3381 fl oz 0.3520 fl oz centilitre
gě 合 1⁄10 100 mL 3.381 fl oz 3.520 fl oz decilitre
shēng 市升 1 1 L 2.113 pt 1.760 pt litre
dǒu 市斗 10 10 L 21.13 pt
2.64 gal 		17.60 pt
2.20 gal 		decalitre
dàn 市石 100 100 L 26.41 gal 22.0 gal hectolitre

Japan

Table of volume units in Japan [4] [7]
Unit Shō Metric US Imperial
Romanized Kanji Exact Approx. Exact Approx. Exact Approx.
Sai 才 1⁄1000 ⁠2401/1,331,000⁠ L 1.804 mL ⁠37,515,625/15,900,351,812,136⁠ cu yd 29.28 min ⁠240,100/605,084,579⁠ gal 30.47 min
0.1101 cu in
Shaku 勺 1⁄100 ⁠2401/133,100⁠ L 18.04 mL ⁠187,578,125/7,950,175,906,068⁠ cu yd 0.6100 fl oz ⁠2,401,000/605,084,579⁠ gal 0.6349 fl oz
1.101 cu in
Gō 合 1⁄10 ⁠2401/13,310⁠ L 180.4 mL ⁠937,890,625/3,975,087,953,034⁠ cu yd 0.3812 pt ⁠24,010,000/605,084,579⁠ gal 0.3174 pt
0.3276 dry pt
Shō 升 1 ⁠2401/1331⁠ L 1.804 L ⁠4,689,453,125/1,987,543,976,517⁠ cu yd 1.906 qt ⁠240,100,000/605,084,579⁠ gal 1.587 qt
1.638 dry qt
To 斗 10 ⁠24,010/1331⁠ L 18.04 L ⁠46,894,531,250/1,987,543,976,517⁠ cu yd 4.765 gal ⁠2,401,000,000/605,084,579⁠ gal 3.968 gal
2.048 pk
Koku 石 100 ⁠240,100/1331⁠ L 180.4 L ⁠468,945,312,500/1,987,543,976,517⁠ cu yd 47.65 gal ⁠24,010,000,000/605,084,579⁠ gal 39.680 gal
5.119 bu
Notes:
  • Approximations are rounded to four significant figures.

Korea

Table of volume units in Korea[8] [9]
Romanization Korean English Equivalents
RR MR[10] Other Doe[11] Other countries Global
Jak Chak 작(勺) 1⁄100 18 mL (0.63 imp fl oz; 0.61 US fl oz)
Hop Hop 홉 1⁄10 Ge 180 mL (6.3 imp fl oz; 6.1 US fl oz)[a][11]
Doe Toe Doi[11]
Dwe[5] 		되 Korean Peck[12] 1 1.8 L (0.40 imp gal; 0.48 US gal)[b][11]
Seung Sŭng 승(升)
Mal Mal 말 Korean Bushel 10 18 L (4.0 imp gal; 4.8 US gal)[c][11]
Du Tu 두(斗)
Seom Sŏm 섬 Korean Picul[13] 100 Picul 180 L (40 imp gal; 48 US gal)[d][11]
Seok Sŏk Suk[11] 석(石)
Jeom Chŏm 점(苫)
Sogok Sogok 소곡(小斛) 150 270 L (59 imp gal; 71 US gal)
Pyeongseok P'yŏngsŏk 평석(平石)
Daegok Taegok 대곡(大斛) 200 360 L (79 imp gal; 95 US gal)
Jeonseok Chŏnsŏk 전석(全石)

For more details, please see Sheng (volume)

Words

  • 擔石／担石 (dàn dàn)
  • 以升量石 (yǐ shēng liàng dàn)
  • 千石 (qiān dàn)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The variant figures in Fessley [10] and the UN[11] reports are based on the imperial measuring system.
  2. ^ imp
  3. ^ imp
  4. ^ imp

References

  1. ^ "石". 26 November 2024.
  2. ^ a b "The Weights and Measures Act (1929)" (in Chinese). Legislative Yuan. Archived from the original on 2014-04-25.
  3. ^ Language Institute, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2016). 现代汉语词典 (附錄：計量單位表) [Contemporary Chinese Dictionary (Appendix: Measure units)] (in Chinese) (7th ed.). Beijing: Commercial Press. p. 1790. ISBN 978-7-100-12450-8.
  4. ^ a b Iwata, Shigeo. "Weights and Measures in Japan"
  5. ^ a b Kim (2007).
  6. ^ Language Institute 2016, p. 1165.
  7. ^ World Weights and Measures: Handbook for Statisticians, ST/STAT/SER. M/21, UN Publication No. 1955.XVII.2, New York, NY: Statistical Office of the United Nations, 1955
  8. ^ Kim, Jun Hee (March 2007), "Taking Measure", Invest Korea Journal, vol. 25, Seoul: Korea Trade–Investment Promotion Agency
  9. ^ Fessley, Susanna (2009), "Weights and Measures in East Asian Studies" (PDF), Albany: State University of New York
  10. ^ a b Fessley (2009), p. 9.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h UN (1955), III-59.
  12. ^ NIKH (2017).
  13. ^ "Glossary of Korean History", Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty, Seoul: National Institute of Korean History, 2017