DART Underground

DART Underground
Overview
StatusDeferred (as of late 2021)[1][2][3]
OwnerIarnród Éireann
LocaleDublin city centre
Termini
Service
TypeRapid transit
SystemDART
History
Planned opening"After 2042"[1][4]
Technical
Track gauge1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in)
Electrification1,500 V DC overhead catenary
Proposed route map

Legend
To Drogheda MacBride
 Clontarf Road
DART Line 1/Western Commuter line
Dublin Connolly
Luas
 Docklands
(Luas Spencer Dock)
Loopline Bridge
 Tara Street DM
Dublin Pearse
DART Line 1/South Eastern Commuter line
 St Stephen's Green Luas DM
Christchurch
Phoenix Park Tunnel (To Dublin Connolly)
 Dublin Heuston Luas
Inchicore Works
Inchicore
To Hazelhatch and Celbridge

DART Underground (Irish: DART Faoi Thalamh),[5] also known as the Interconnector or DART+ Tunnel, is a proposed mainline-rail tunnel in Dublin, Ireland.[6] First proposed in 1972,[7] as of 2021 it was not funded or scheduled.[1][8][3] While the Greater Dublin Transport Strategy 2016-2035 (published in 2016) included the DART Underground as a proposed National Transport Authority project,[9] the tunnel was not included in the National Development Plan published in 2018 or DART+ expansion plans published in August 2020.[10]

The original plans, which proposed an expansion of the electrified Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART) network, projected the development of a tunnel between Heuston Station and Pearse Station.[11] It had been planned to leave an existing line, via the Phoenix Park Tunnel, idle in the event of the scheme being built.[12] This line however was subsequently reopened, connecting Heuston station with Dublin's Docklands - a cross-city connection which the DART Underground scheme was supposed to achieve. Accordingly, when the Irish Government published a new national spatial strategy in 2018, the revised plans dropped the DART Underground scheme in favour of these existing lines.[13][14] Having previously secured planning consent,[15] the project was initially deferred until after 2016,[16] and by 2015, it had been announced that the project would be redrafted to a lower cost design. In October 2016, a "scaled down" plan was published with a potential commencement date "in 2020".[17] As of September 2017 however, it was suggested that the developments would be deferred until after 2030,[4] with the National Transport Authority undertaking a review of the project and its route; this review projected to complete sometime between 2018 and 2027.[4][18] While the planned alignment was to be preserved, it was announced in November 2021 that DART Underground would not proceed in the period 2022–2042.[1]

History

DART Underground was first proposed in 1972 in the "Transportation in Dublin" study conducted by An Foras Forbartha, an anteceding body to Forfás as an underground rail link to connect Dublin's three main railway stations. In 1975, CIÉ commissioned the "Dublin Rapid Rail Transportation Study" (DRRTS),[19] which recommended a four-phase plan including a prototypical Dart Underground:

  • Phase 1 - Upgrade and electrify Howth – Bray (completed 1984 as the DART).
  • Phase 2 - An underground line from Connolly to Heuston. Rapid Transit tracks Heuston to Clondalkin overground. Spur to Tallaght from Clondalkin (partially completed in 2010 when Rapid Transit tracks were installed either side of Clondalkin).
  • Phase 3 - A short northerly spur off the Maynooth line to Blanchardstown and a short southerly spur to Broadstone (never completed).
  • Phase 4 - A tunnel from Broadstone to Sandymount (later redesigned as Metro North before being shelved indefinitely in 2011).

The DRRTS, if completed as envisaged in 1975, would have resulted in a cross shaped pair of tunnels in the city centre meeting at a central station in Temple Bar.[19]

The next plan, proposed in 2001 as an "Interconnector", was included in the Platform For Change strategy report issued by the now defunct Dublin Transportation Office (DTO).[20]

Platform For Change scheme published by the DTO November 2001

A Railway Order permitting the construction of the project was granted in December 2011 by An Bord Pleanála. In August 2014, then Minister for Transport Paschal Donohoe TD was told that both the Dart Underground and Metro North projects would have had to rely on private funding if they were to be built. In 2010, the estimated projected cost for DART Underground was €4 billion, more than half of which was expected to be provided by a public private partnership arrangement. Donohoe was told he had to decide on whether to proceed with DART Underground by 24 September 2015, by which time the Railway Order and planning approval would expire. A High Court ruling reduced the period for which compulsory purchase order notices could be issued from seven years to 18 months.[21] The National Transport Authority's Greater Dublin Area draft Transport Strategy 2016–2035, published in October 2015, expressed the desire to see the tunnel completed as part of the overall DART extension programme.

Delays and status

In May 2010, Iarnród Éireann anticipated that, if construction had begun in 2012, the tunnel would have been operational by 2018.[22] In June 2010, Iarnród Éireann submitted an application to An Bord Pleanála for a Railway Order for the scheme under the Transport (Railway Infrastructure) Act 2001.

In November 2011, the government deferred funding the project due to the decrease in capital spending until 2016 at the earliest.[16][23] A month later, in December 2011, a Railway Order was granted for the development.[24] The granting of the Railway Order covered the construction of the scheme and any necessary compulsory acquisition of property, but did not commit funding to the project.

In September 2015, it was announced that the project had been cancelled in favour of a simpler alternative. However, it was planned to return as part of a future DART Expansion Programme, to potentially start no earlier than 2020 or 2021.[17][25]

As of 2016, the National Transport Authority (NTA) was reviewing the project. By September 2017, it was suggested that this review would complete during 2018, and that -depending on the outcome of the review- works on the project would not commence until at least 2020.[4] Revised projections suggested that it would be at least "2030 before passengers could use the new line".[4]

By April 2018, the Irish Independent reported that the DART underground plans had been "dropped [..] completely in favour of four new stations at ground level".[13] Later in 2018, the then Minister for Transport stated that the review of the project's plans and route (by the NTA) would complete during the period of the 2018-2027 National Development Plan.[18] The project was not included in the DART+ expansion plans published in August 2020.[10]

In April 2021, the project was reportedly "being resurrected"[6] but in November 2021 the NTA stated that the DART Underground / Interconnector would not proceed until after 2042, although they would "preserve and protect an alignment to allow its future delivery". Other Luas projects and Metrolink also had new timings assigned.[1]

A version of the project was included in the All-Island Strategic Rail Review, commissioned jointly by the governments of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland and published in July 2024, albeit recommending an altered possible route – via Tara Street instead of Pearse.[26]

Opposition

During 2010 there was opposition to the project in Dublin's East Wall area, where the tunnel would have begun and where tunnelling operations were planned to be located. Complaints were exacerbated by the suggestion that, while they would have had to endure the disturbance created by the tunneling works, East Wall residents would not gain anything from the project as they would not have easy access to a DART station - since they were roughly halfway (20 minutes walk) between the Clontarf Road and Docklands stations.[27] Complaints were also raised by residents at a Western entrance to the tunnel, at Inchicore.[28]

In late 2017, developers expressed concern that planned developments near Pearse Street Station were declined permission on the basis of their potential impact on the proposed DART Underground project.[29]

Possible routes and stations

If routed as originally proposed, the existing (single) DART line would be replaced by two DART lines forming a rough "X" shape - with an intersection at Pearse Station.

The first of these lines would begin to the north-east of the city in Howth/Malahide, follow the existing DART line to Clontarf Road station, before diverging into a tunnel which would ultimately emerge close to the Inchicore railway works grounds.[citation needed] A second line would follow the existing southern DART line from Bray/Greystones to Connolly Station, from which it would diverge on a line to Maynooth station in Kildare.[citation needed]

If following this plan, underground platforms would be added to the existing over-ground platforms at Spencer Dock station, Pearse station, and Stephen's Green station.[30] New stations would also be built close to Christ Church (underground) and Inchicore (overground).[31][32][33]

As of 2018, no route was confirmed and no station developments were planned or funded. Additional assessment (of both routes and stations) was proposed to be undertaken between 2018 and 2027.[4][18]

As of 2021, Jacobs Engineering were reportedly charged with devising route options for the line, with no direction to "adhere to the previously alignment" or "location of new stations required [if any]".[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Kilraine, John (9 November 2021). "MetroLink postponed for ten years - NTA draft strategy". RTÉ News.
  2. ^ Daniel McConnell (22 September 2015). "€3bn DART underground project scrapped in favour of scaled down version". Irish Independent. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  3. ^ a b "Plans for Liffey bridge derailed by Dart Underground scheme". irishtimes.com. Irish Times. 4 January 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019. The 7.6km [..DART underground..] was shelved by the Fine Gael-Labour government in 2011 [and] was not included in the 10-year National Development Plan published [in 2018..] the timeframe for the [DART underground] review is unknown
  4. ^ a b c d e f "'We won't let go': Irish Rail is convinced the long-delayed Dart Underground will go ahead". TheJournal. 21 September 2017.
  5. ^ "DART UNDERGROUND: Property Protection Scheme / DART FAOI THALAMH: Scéim Chosanta Maoine" (PDF). Irishrail.ie. Irish Rail. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  6. ^ a b c "NTA revives €4.5bn underground rail plan to link Heuston Station to Dart". irishtimes.com. Irish Times. 17 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021. The Dart underground project, shelved a decade ago following the economic crash, is being resurrected [..] now branded Dart+Tunnel
  7. ^ "Could an underground Dart solve Dublin's traffic gridlock? It's being considered". thejournal.ie. The Journal. 5 February 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018. the Dart Underground, previously known as the Interconnector [was] Originally conceived of in the 1972 Transportation in Dublin plan
  8. ^ "Office plan scrapped to facilitate shelved Dart Underground". irishtimes.com. Irish Times. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018. the [DART Underground] project having been shelved by the Government [in 2011, does] not have government funding [and] was not included in the 10-year National Development Plan published earlier [in 2018]
  9. ^ "Transport Strategy for the Greater Dublin Area 2016-2035" (PDF). nationaltransport. 2016.
  10. ^ a b "Dart's €2.6bn extension plan beyond Dublin unveiled after 15 years". irishtimes.com. Irish Times. 26 August 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2021. The underground, while included in the Transport Strategy for the Greater Dublin Area 2016-2035, was not included in the 10-year National Development Plan published in 2018, and the tunnel is not included in the expansion plans published on Wednesday
  11. ^ Millar, Scott (23 November 2010). "DART underground line 'missing link'". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  12. ^ Irish Rail. "DART Expansion Programme". Irishrail.ie. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  13. ^ a b "New Dart plan backs away from underground route". Independent News & Media. 24 February 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  14. ^ "Rail Network Expansion - Dáil Éireann Debate, Thursday - 29 March 2018 - Written Answers (Question to Transport)". Oireachtas.ie. 29 March 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018. As outlined in the recently published 'National Development Plan 2018-2027: Project Ireland 2040' (NDP) [..] the initial sequencing of investment [..for the DART Expansion Programme..] will focus on delivery of non-underground tunnel elements of the Programme using the recently opened rail link and existing connector tunnel under the Phoenix Park
  15. ^ "'We won't let go': Irish Rail is convinced the long-delayed Dart Underground will go ahead". Thejournal.ie. 17 September 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  16. ^ a b "Metro, DART projects put off in plan". RTÉ News. 10 November 2011. Archived from the original on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  17. ^ a b "Dart Underground plan scaled down to slash costs". Irish Independent. 31 October 2016.
  18. ^ a b c "Dáil Éireann Debate - Questions - Rail Network Expansion". Oireachtas.ie. Houses of the Oireachtas. 12 June 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018. the DART Underground Tunnel - is not scheduled for delivery within the period of the [National Development Plan 2018-2027]. However, over that time [2018-2027], it is envisaged that the route for the proposed project will be established
  19. ^ a b Environmental Impact Study Dart Underground 2010 History of Archived 7 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ Platform For Change Summary Report November 2001 Archived 19 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ McGee, Harry (13 August 2014). "Dublin rail projects to rely on private funding". The Irish Times. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  22. ^ Iarnród Éireann. "About Us – DART Underground". Archived from the original on 3 March 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  23. ^ Department of Public Expenditure and Reform (November 2011). "Infrastructure and Capital Investment 2012–16: Medium Term Exchequer Framework" (PDF). Retrieved 11 January 2012.
  24. ^ "Railway Order granted for DART Underground". An Bord Pleanála. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
  25. ^ "DART Expansion Programme". Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
  26. ^ "All-Island Strategic Rail Review" (PDF). 31 July 2024. p. 132. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  27. ^ "Angry residents oppose DART Underground plan". Dublin People. 26 August 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  28. ^ "Opposition to Inchicore Dart plan". Irish Times. 24 February 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  29. ^ "Dart site office block decision unreasonable, says developer". The Times. 3 January 2018.
  30. ^ "Planned Projects - DART Underground". irishrail.ie. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014.
  31. ^ Agency 2014 Project Approval Application for DART Underground Phase 3 (PDF) (Report). National Transport Authority. 13 February 2014. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2018. DART Underground consists of [..] a surface station [..] within the CIÉ Works at Inchicore
  32. ^ DART Expansion Programme Business Case (PDF) (Report). Irish Rail. 24 April 2015. p. 46. On the basis of the issues raised [in 2008] during the design review, Iarnród Éireann [instead proposed] extending DART Underground to terminate within CIÉ lands at Inchicore as opposed to Heuston Station
  33. ^ "Proposed Station at Christchurch Layout" (PDF). Irishrail.ie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2012.

Read other articles:

Benjamin S. Turner

Benjamin S. Turner Benjamin Sterling Turner (17 Maret 1825 – 21 Maret 1894) adalah seorang pengusaha dan politikus Amerika Serikat. Ia menjabat dalam DPR Amerika Serikat pada Kongres Amerika Serikat ke-42. Referensi Christopher, Mayrine. America's Black Congressmen. Thomas Y. Crowell Company: New York, 1971. p. 124-127. /james ciment, Atlas of African American History p. 97 b. turner, was born in Weldon, N.C. but was congressman from Selma, Ala. Pranala luar (Inggris...

 

 

Bahá'í World Centre

Bagian dari seri tentangAgama Baháʼí Tokoh Utama Bahá'u'lláh Sang Báb 'Abdu'l-Bahá Shoghí Effendí Dasar Ajaran Tuhan itu satu Manusia itu satu Agama itu satu Hukum Ibadah Penanggalan Puasa Teks Keagamaan Kitáb-i-Aqdas Kitáb-i-Íqán Kalimat Tersembunyi Tulisan-tulisan Bahá'í Lembaga Administrasi Baháʼí Lembaga Perwalian Balai Keadilan Sedunia Majelis Rohani Sejarah Sejarah Bahá'í Linimasa Bahá'í Bábisme Persekusi Tokoh Lainnya Rasul Tangan Agama Tuhan Táhirih Situs dan T...

 

 

Campionato Capixaba

Campeonato CapixabaSport Calcio Tiposquadre di club FederazioneFederação de Futebol do Estado do Espírito Santo Paese Espírito Santo, Brasile TitoloCampione dello stato dell'Espírito Santo Cadenzaannuale Partecipanti10 Retrocessione inCapixaba Série B Sito Internetfutebolcapixaba.com StoriaFondazione1917 Detentore Rio Branco-ES Record vittorie Rio Branco-ES (38) Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Il Campeonato Capixaba è il campionato di calcio dello stato de...

Anedjib

Egyptian pharaoh AnedjibAdjib, Enezib, MiebîdósPharaoh Anedjib on a stone bowl fragmentPharaohReign8-10 years, ca. 2930 BCPredecessorDenSuccessorSemerkhetRoyal titulary Horus name Hor-AdjibḤr-ˁḏ-jbHe with the bold heart/force of will Abydos King ListMerbiapemr-bj3-pBeloved one of the brazen throne Saqqara TabletMerybiapenmr.ij-bj3-pnBeloved one of the brazen throne Turin King ListMeri-gereg-ipenmrj-grg-ipnBeloved founder of the (brazen) throne Prenomen  (Praenomen) Nisut-Bity-Nebu...

 

 

Busnago

Busnagocomune Busnago – VedutaPiazza Roma LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regione Lombardia Provincia Monza e Brianza AmministrazioneSindacoMarco Corti (lista civica) dal 27-5-2019 TerritorioCoordinate45°37′N 9°28′E / 45.616667°N 9.466667°E45.616667; 9.466667 (Busnago)Coordinate: 45°37′N 9°28′E / 45.616667°N 9.466667°E45.616667; 9.466667 (Busnago) Altitudine210 m s.l.m. Superficie5,78 km² Abitanti6 871...

 

 

Perangkat ujung sayap

Winglet pada sayap Airbus A319 Perbandingan garis vortisitas ujung sayap (wingtip vortices) di sayap konvensional (kiri) dengan sayap dengan winglet (kanan) Perangkat ujung sayap atau Wingtip device biasanya dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi pesawat sayap tetap.[1] Ada beberapa jenis perangkat ujung sayap, dan meskipun mereka berfungsi dengan cara yang berbeda, efek yang diinginkan selalu untuk mengurangi drag pesawat oleh pemulihan parsial dari ujung energi vortex. Perangkat u...

中华人民共和国国家元首列表

  提示：此条目页的主题不是中華人民共和國最高領導人。 中华人民共和国 中华人民共和国政府与政治系列条目 执政党 中国共产党 党章、党旗党徽 主要负责人、领导核心 领导集体、民主集中制 意识形态、组织 以习近平同志为核心的党中央 两个维护、两个确立 全国代表大会 （二十大） 中央委员会 （二十届） 总书记：习近平 中央政治局 常务委员会 中央书记处 �...

 

 

Run the Race

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Run the RaceSutradaraChris DowlingProduserKen CarpenterDarren MoormanMark RickardSkenarioChris DowlingJason BaumgardnerCeritaJake McEntirePemeran Tanner Stine Evan Hofer Kristoffer Polaha Kelsey Reinhardt Mario Van Peebles Mykelti Williamson Frances F...

 

 

Luzon

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang pulau Filipina. Untuk hal lain, lihat Luzon (disambiguasi). Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Luzon – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (Desember 2020) LuzonDaratan pulau Luzon berwarna merah...

Dolok Imun

Dolok Imun adalah sebuah bukit di Tanah Batak yang diyakini sebagai daerah sentral asal-mula keturunan Raja Naipospos. Dalam bahasa Batak, dolok dapat diartikan sebagai puncak, bukit, atau gunung. Letak Geografis Diperkirakan Dolok Imun memiliki ketinggian mencapai 1.800 meter di atas permukaan laut, terletak di Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Kondisi puncak Dolok Imun saat ini ditumbuhi oleh hutan dengan dikelilingi pemukiman desa di kaki bukitnya. Ada beberapa desa yang t...

 

 

Дипломатические отношения Киевской Руси

Приём византийским императором Иоанном Цимисхием послов князя Святослава Игоревича и запись писцом на пергамене условий мирного договора, предложенных Святославом. Миниатюра из Радзивилловской летописи, конец XV века Киевская Русь имела дипломатические[1] отношен�...

 

 

العبدلية (الغاط)

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع العبدلية (توضيح). العبدلية موقع محافظة الغاط بالنسبة لمنطقة الرياض تاريخ التأسيس 1404ه ،1984م تقسيم إداري البلد  السعودية التقسيم الأعلى منطقة الرياض  المسؤولون عبدالرحمن بن فهد النتو السكان التعداد السكاني 40 (العدد متوقع) نسمة (إحصاء ) تعديل مصدر�...

NGC 4557

NGC 4557 الكوكبة الهلبة[1]  رمز الفهرس NGC 4557 (الفهرس العام الجديد)  شاهد أيضًا: مجرة، قائمة المجرات تعديل مصدري - تعديل   NGC 4557 في الفهرس العام الجديد، هي مجرة، تقع في كوكبة الهلبة. اكتشفت . مراجع ^ VizieR (بالإنجليزية), QID:Q1662358 روابط خارجية NGC 4557 على موقع ويكي سكاي: DSS2, SDSS, GALEX, I...

 

 

モロッコ

この項目では、国について説明しています。映画については「モロッコ (映画)」をご覧ください。 モロッコ王国 ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ（ベルベル語）المملكة المغربية（アラビア語） （国旗） （国章） 国の標語：الله، الوطن، الملك‎（アラビア語）ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ（ベルベル語派）（神、国、王）1 国歌：النشيد الوط...

 

 

Hyperion Solutions

American software company Not to be confused with the Amiga-focused software company Hyperion Entertainment or the Hyperion computer. Hyperion Solutions CorporationHeadquarters in Santa Clara, CaliforniaTraded as(Nasdaq: HYSL)IndustrySoftwareFounded1981Defunct2006FateAcquired by Oracle CorporationHeadquartersSanta Clara, California, United StatesKey peopleGodfrey R. Sullivan(President and CEO)ProductsBusiness intelligence toolsBusiness performance management tools Hyperion Solutions Corp...

Rue de Thionville (Paris)

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Rue de Thionville. Cet article est une ébauche concernant Paris. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. 19e arrtRue de Thionville Rue de Thionville depuis la Petite Ceinture. Situation Arrondissement 19e Quartier Pont-de-Flandre Début 150, rue de Crimée Fin 1, quai de Metz Morphologie Longueur 562 m Largeur 10 à 18 m Géocodification Ville de Paris 92...

 

 

Jalen Brunson

Jalen BrunsonJalen Brunson pada tahun 2023No. 11 – New York KnicksPosisiPoint guardLigaNBAInformasi pribadiLahir31 Agustus 1996 (umur 27)New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.Tinggi6 ft 2 in (1,88 m)Berat190 pon (86 kg)Informasi karierSekolah menengah atasSMA Stevenson (Lincolnshire, Illinois)Perguruan tinggiVillanova (2015–2018)Draf NBA2018 / Babak: 2 / Urutan pemilihan: ke-33 secara keseluruhanDipilih oleh Dallas MavericksKarier bermain2018–sekarangRiway...

 

 

Massachusetts House of Representatives' 5th Norfolk district

American legislative district Map of Massachusetts House of Representatives' 5th Norfolk district, based on the 2010 United States census. Norfolk County, MA Government County Level Elected Officials County Commissioners: Joseph P. Shea (D, Quincy), Peter H. Collins (D, Milton), Richard R. Staiti (D, Canton) Clerk of Courts: Walter Timilty (D, Milton) District Attorney: Michael W. Morrissey (D, Quincy) Register of Deeds: William P. O'Donnell (D, Norwood) Register of Probate: Colleen M Brierle...

House of Hanover

European dynasty of German origin Hanoverians redirects here. For the college whose alumni are known as such, see Hanover College. For other uses, see Hanover House. House of HanoverArms of the House of Hanover Royal Standard of HanoverParent familyBonifaci → Obertenghi → Este → WelfCountry Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of Ireland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Kingdom of Hanover Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg Anglo-Corsican Kingdom EtymologyHanoverFounded1634;...

 

 

林徹 (競馬)

林徹 福島競馬場にて（2024年7月14日）基本情報国籍 日本出身地 兵庫県生年月日 (1979-04-04) 1979年4月4日（45歳）所属団体 JRA初免許年 2017年（2018年開業）経歴所属 美浦T.C.（開業 - ）テンプレートを表示 林 徹（はやし とおる、1979年4月4日 - ）は、日本中央競馬会（JRA）・美浦トレーニングセンターに所属している調教師である。 来歴 兵庫県出生だが、生まれてから半年後�...