Crossroads Square

Crossroads Square in 2012
Former name(s)	Freedom Square
Location	Warsaw, Poland
Coordinates	52°13′10.2″N 21°01′29.5″E / 52.219500°N 21.024861°E / 52.219500; 21.024861
North	Ujazdów Avenue
East	People's Army Avenue
South	Szucha Avenue Ujazdów Avenue
West	Koszykowa Street People's Army Avenue Wyzwolenia Avenue
Construction
Completion	1768
Other
Designer	August Fryderyk Moszyński

Crossroads Square (Polish: Plac Na Rozdrożu) is an urban square and a road intersection in Warsaw, Poland. It is located in the district of Downtown, at the crossing of Koszykowa Street, Szucha Avenue, People's Army Avenue, Ujazdów Avenue, and Wyzwolenia Avenue. It was built in 1768.^[1]

Crossroads Square was built in 1768, as part of the Stanisław Axis, which included the creation of several urban squares connected with roads, with the main road centred on Ujazdów Castle. It was designed by August Fryderyk Moszyński. Crossroads Square was placed at the crossing of the Royal Route and the Wolska Road (now Wyzwolenia Avenue and Nowowiejska Street respectively). From it four avenues branched off, of which three survive to the modern day. They are: Koszykowa Street, Szucha Avenue, and Wyzwolenia Avenue.^[2][3]

In 1894, next to the square, at 12 Ujazdów Avenue, the Russian Orthodox Church of the Archangel Michael was opened, which mainly served Russian soldiers and civilians living in the area. Following the retreat of Russian forces from Warsaw in 1915, the building remained mostly unoccupied and unused, and begun deteriorating, and was eventually torn down in 1923.^{[4] [5]}

In the late 1930s, it was planned to place a large monument dedicated to Józef Piłsudski, former Chief of State of Poland. It was part of the proposed Józef Piłsudski District, which was designed at nearby Mokotów Field. Neither plans were realised.^[6] During the interwar period, the square was known as Freedom Square (Polish: Plac Wolności).^[7]

From 1939 to 1944, during the German occupation in the Second World War, the tenement building next to the park, at 11 Ujazdów Avenue, was the headquarters of the Criminal Police. After the war, from 1945 to 1954, it was the headquarters of the Ministry of Public Security.^[8]

Between 1971 and 1974, the People's Army Avenue, which was part of the Baths Route, an expressway connecting the city centre with the east side, was built. It crossed the square, which was severely altered in the process. Under it, a 46-metre-long tunnel for the Baths Way was dug.^[9][10] Among other changes, in the western portion, a small square with a fountain was added.^[9][11] The Baths Way was placed diagonally in relation to the park, distorting the shape of the historical Stanisław Axis.^[12]

In 1990, it was again proposed to place a monument dedicated to Józef Piłsudski. On 11 November 1990, the National Independence Day of Poland, a plaque was placed informing about such decision. It remained there until 1994. It was eventually decided to place the monument at the Piłsudski Square instead, where it was unveiled in 1995.^[13]

On 10 November 2006, at the crossing of Szucha Avenue and Ujazdów Avenue, the Monument of Roman Dmowski was unveiled. He was the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland from 1923, as well as activist for Polish independence, and the founder of the National Democracy. The monument became an object of controversies and protests due to Dmowski racists and antisemitic views and policies. It was designed by Wojciech Mendzelewski, Maria Marek-Prus, and Piotr Prus.^[14][15]

In May 2018, at the square, an urban vegetable garden was established.^[16]

On 11 November 2018, at the square, near the Ujazdów Avenue, the monument to Ignacy Mościcki was unveiled, a politician and chairperson of the Polish Socialist Party, and the Prime Minister of the Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland in 1918. It was designed by Jacek Kucaba.^[17][18]

On 4 June 2023, the square was the starting point of the march of the anti-government protest against actions of the ruling Law and Justice Party. The protest was organized and led by Donald Tusk, Rafał Trzaskowski, and Lech Wałęsa, and was attended by over 500,000 people.^[19][20]

Currently, it is planned to place a monument dedicated to the 1920 Battle of Warsaw at the square. It was originally announced in 2019, and planned to be unveiled in 2020, before being rescheduled to 2021, and then to 2023, and again, to a currently indeterminate date in the future.^[21] At the same time, it is also planned to modify the square itself, including remodeling the bus stops at Baths Route, as well as the stairs connecting them with the rest of the square, and the addition of lifts. A crossing will also be created on Wyzwolenia Avenue, replacing the underground crossings that will be deconstructed.^[22]

Crossroads Square is located at the crossing of Koszykowa Street, Szucha Avenue, People's Army Avenue, Ujazdów Avenue, and Wyzwolenia Avenue.^[1] It has the total area of 1.96 ha.^[23]

The square is divided into two parts on two different levels. The top portion includes the main portion of the square, connected to the surroundings. In its western portion, there is a small circular square with a fountain in it.^[1] Below is the People's Army Avenue, which is a part of the Baths Route, an expressway that connects the city centre with the east side. Its portion goes through the 46-metre-long tunnel under the square. On its side are the bus stops, which are connected to the square via staircases.^[9][10][22]

The square includes the Ignacy Daszyński Monument by Jacek Kucaba, and Roman Dmowski Monument by Wojciech Mendzelewski, Maria Marek-Prus, and Piotr Prus.^[17][14] It borders the Ujazdów Park, the Botanical Garden of the University of Warsaw, and Stefan Kisielewski "Kisiel" Square.^[24][25][26]

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  Crossroads Square in 1935
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  Crossroads Square in 1949
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  Roman Dmowski Monument at Crossroads Square
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  Ignacy Daszyński Monument at Crossroads Square
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  Flowerbeds at Crossroads Square
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  The stairscases connecting Crossroads Square with the bus stops at People's Army Avenue
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  Commemorative plaque at the square