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Crawford's is a brand of biscuits.

It started as a Scottish baker of ship's biscuits in a public house on The Shore, Leith in 1813. The bakery was acquired by Robert Mathie in 1817 and then William Crawford in 1856, when Mathie retired. William Crawford & Sons established large factories in Leith and Liverpool so that, at its peak, it was one of Britain's largest biscuit manufacturers and claimed to be its oldest. The company was acquired by United Biscuits in 1960 and is now a brand within their portfolio.

History

In 1856, William Crawford (1818–1889) bought an established bakery at 31 The Shore, Leith from Robert Mathie (1789–1863). The bakery specialised in ships' biscuits and had been established in 1813,^[2]^[3] with Mathie taking it over in 1817.^[4]

Crawford wished to expand the business and set up a retail outlet at 14 Leith Street (which links Leith Walk to Princes Street) in 1861, relocating to the exclusive address of 2 Princes Street in 1866. In 1879 they built a large purpose built factory on Elbe Street in Leith.^[5] The Elbe Street factory was served by its own railway siding. A second factory premises was built in Leith on Anderson Place in 1947 (it is now in use as a creative hub).^[6]^[7]

William's eldest son, William Crawford (1858–1926), became a partner of the business in 1880 and expanded it further. It was then known as Crawford and Sons.^{[citation needed]}

In 1897, two younger brothers, Archibald Inglis Crawford and James Shields Russel Crawford, were sent to establish a subsidiary in Australia. They got as far as the major English port of Liverpool in England where they established a major new factory.^[8] This huge factory, the Fairfield Works, stands on Binns Road and was designed by their brother, the architect Alexander Hunter Crawford in 1895, taking two years to build.^[9] The Liverpool factory was highly mechanised, allowing creation of more elaborate biscuit designs, in particular the Custard cream which promptly became one of Britain's most popular biscuits.^[10] The Fairfield factory made snack bars including Bandits, Penguin, and 54321 chocolate.^[2]

In 1927 Crawfords were one of the first factories to provide employees with their own social club and sports facilities: at Sandown Hall in nearby Wavertree.^[11]

In 1938, Crawford's carried out the first ever British national biscuit survey, interviewing approximately 5,000 households.^[12]

United Biscuits, formed in 1948 from two Scottish companies, MacFarlane Lang and McVitie & Price,^[13] acquired William Crawford & Sons in 1960 for £6 million.^[14]^[15]

Production processes were automated in the 1960s.^[16]

The Elbe Street factory was expanded and modernised in the 1950s but demolished in the 1990s when housing in Leith's former industrial areas started to change the area. Around 200 people lost their jobs.^{[citation needed]} The closure in 1996 was cited as a casualty in the Scottish "bread wars".^[17]

McVities have struggled to maintain the Scottish factories for their iconic Scottish brands.^[18]

Products

In 1923, the company advertised several biscuit varieties which commemorated royalty and its marriages:^[1]

York – the marriage of the Duke of York to Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
Wedding Bells – the marriage of Princess Mary to Viscount Lascelles
Marie – the marriage of Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia to the Duke of Edinburgh
Royal George

Their range then included a variety of popular biscuits including shortbread, cream crackers, digestives and ginger nuts.

The brand now includes:

Packaging

Historically, some of Crawford's biscuits were sold in decorative biscuit tins.^[20] In 2007, a Crawford biscuit tin was sold for £15,600 at Bonhams in the form of a sports car and was reported to be the most expensive tin sold until that date.^[20]

References

^ ^a ^b "Crawford's – The Oldest of the Biscuit Manufacturers", The Illustrated London News, p. 727, 28 April 1923
^ ^a ^b Molyneux, Jess (9 September 2021). "Former Liverpool biscuit factory where workers "made friends for life"". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
^ "Crawford's Biscuits". Grace's Guide. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
^ "Crawfords biscuits history". Let's Look Again. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
^ Edinburgh Post Officer Directories 1866 , 1879
^ "Edinburgh, Anderson Place, Crawford's Biscuit Factory: Canmore". canmore.org.uk. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
^ "10 things to do in Leith". Condé Nast. 16 April 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
^ Lisa Sibbald (2018), "Crawford's Biscuits", A-Z of Leith Places-People-History, Amberley Publishing, p. 32, ISBN 9781445682068
^ "Basic Biographical Details: Alexander Hunter Crawford". Dictionary of Scottish Architects. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
^ Daily Mail (newspaper), 7 April 2020
^ "Liverpool Picturebook". liverpoolpicturebook.com. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
^ Collingham, Lizzie (2020). The Biscuit.The History of a Very British Indulgence. Random House. ISBN 9781473573468.
^ Wilson, Nick; Wright, Mike; Scholes, Louise (17 March 2011). "Private Equity Portfolio Company Performance Through The Recession" (PDF). BVCA. p. 14. Retrieved 24 June 2022. United Biscuits, the UK's largest biscuit group, resulted from the merger of two Scottish family businesses, McVitie & Price and MacFarlane Lang, in 1948. In 1960 the business added Crawford's Biscuits and MacDonald's Biscuits.
^ "United Biscuits Crawfords For More Than £6M." The Times [London, England] 24 May 1962: 19.
^ Behm, Michael (1 March 2005). "McVitie & Price, Ltd. United Biscuits Ltd". Commercial Overprint Society of Great Britain. 2 (9). In 1960, United Biscuits added to its portfolio with the acquisition of Crawford's Biscuits and MacDonald's Biscuits.
^ "Full record for "BULK HANDLING" (5842) - Moving Image Archive catalogue". movingimage.nls.uk. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
^ "Crawfords the bakers closes its doors after nearly a century as a Scottish institution Supermarket bread wars claim biggest casualty". The Herald. 4 September 1996. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
^ "Glasgow biscuit factory closure plan puts nearly 500 jobs at risk". BBC News. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
^ Adam Richman (2021), "Crawford's Garibaldi Biscuits", Adam Richman's Biscuit Reviews, no. S2E2
^ ^a ^b "Collecting biscuit tins". Homes and Antiques. Retrieved 25 June 2022.