Corylus avellana

Corylus avellana
Leaves and nuts
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Betulaceae
Genus: Corylus
Species:
C. avellana
Binomial name
Corylus avellana
Distribution map

Corylus avellana, the common hazel, is a species of flowering plant in the birch family Betulaceae. The shrubs usually grow 3–8 metres (10–26 feet) tall. The nut is round, in contrast to the longer filbert nut. Common hazel is native to Europe and Western Asia.

The species is mainly cultivated for its nuts. The name 'hazelnut' applies to the nuts of any species in the genus Corylus, but in commercial contexts usually describes C. avellana. This hazelnut or cob nut, the kernel of the seed, is edible and used raw, roasted, or ground into a paste. Historically, the shrub was an important component of the hedgerows used as field boundaries in lowland England. The wood was grown as coppice, with the poles used for wattle-and-daub building and agricultural fencing.

Description

Common hazel is typically a shrub reaching 3–8 metres (10–26 feet) tall, but can reach 15 m (49 ft). The leaves are deciduous, rounded, 6–12 centimetres (2+1⁄2–4+1⁄2 inches) long and across, softly hairy on both surfaces, and with a double-serrate margin. The flowers are produced very early in spring, before the leaves, and are monoecious with single-sex wind-pollinated catkins. Male catkins are pale yellow and 5–12 cm long, while female flowers are very small and largely concealed in the buds with only the bright red 1–3 millimetres (1⁄16–1⁄8 in) long styles visible. The fruit is a nut, produced in clusters of one to five together, each nut held in a short leafy involucre ("husk") which encloses about three-quarters of the nut. The nut is roughly spherical to oval, 15–20 mm (5⁄8–3⁄4 in) long and 12–20 mm (1⁄2–3⁄4 in) broad (larger, up to 25 mm long, in some cultivated selections), yellow-brown with a pale scar at the base. The nut falls out of the involucre when ripe, about 7–8 months after pollination.[2][3][4]

It is readily distinguished from the closely related filbert (Corylus maxima) by the short involucre; in the filbert the nut is fully enclosed by a beak-like involucre longer than the nut.[2]

  • Male catkins
    Male catkins
  • Female flower
    Female flower
  • C. avellana 'Heterophylla'
    C. avellana 'Heterophylla'

Taxonomy

The scientific name avellana derives from the town of Avella in Italy,[5] and was selected by Linnaeus from Leonhart Fuchs's De historia stirpium commentarii insignes (1542), where the species was described as "Avellana nux sylvestris" ("wild nut of Avella").[6] That name was taken in turn from Pliny the Elder's first century A.D. encyclopedia Naturalis Historia.[7]

Distribution

Corylus avellana occurs from Ireland and the British Isles south to Iberia, Italy, Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, north to central Scandinavia, and east to the central Ural Mountains, the Caucasus, and northwestern Iran.[2][8][3]

Ecology

The leaves provide food for many animals, including Lepidoptera such as the case-bearer moth Coleophora anatipennella. Caterpillars of the concealer moth Alabonia geoffrella have been found feeding inside dead common hazel twigs.

The fruit are possibly even more important animal food, both for invertebrates adapted to circumvent the shell (usually by ovipositing in the female flowers, which also gives protection to the offspring) and for vertebrates which manage to crack them open (such as squirrels and corvids). Both are considered pests by hazelnut growers.

The roots of C. avellana are also commonly used as the host for ectomycorrhizal fungus such as Laccaria laccata (Deceiver), Russula ochroleuca (Ochre Brittlegill) and Paxillus involutus (Brown Rollrim), which are the most commonly recorded mycorrhizal fungi in Great Britain.[9] In the Mediterranean, the Black Truffle (Tuber melanosporum) is found on the roots.[10]

Cultivation

Corylus avellana 'Contorta'

There are many cultivars of the hazel, up to 400 cultivars (in 2011) of C. avellana have been named.[11] The list of cultivars includes Barcelona, Butler, Casina, Clark Cosford, Daviana, Delle Langhe, England, Ennis, Fillbert, Halls Giant, Jemtegaard, Kent Cob, Lewis, Tokolyi, Tonda Gentile, Tonda di Giffoni,[12] Tonda Romana, Wanliss Pride, and Willamette.[13] It also includes Polish hazelnuts cultivars: Kataloński and Webba Cenny.[14]

Some of these are grown for specific qualities of the nut including large nut size, and early and late fruiting cultivars, whereas other are grown as pollinators. The majority of commercial hazelnuts are propagated from root sprouts.[13] Some cultivars are of hybrid origin between common hazel and filbert.[4]

The following ornamental cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

Uses

According to the New Sunset Western Garden Book, the European hazelnut is among the most widely grown hazelnut plants for commercial nut production.[17]

This shrub is common in many European woodlands. It is an important component of the hedgerows that were the traditional field boundaries in lowland England. The wood was traditionally grown as coppice, the poles cut and used for wattle-and-daub building and agricultural fencing.[2]

Hazelnuts

Hazelnuts
Main article: Hazelnut

Hazelnuts are rich in protein and unsaturated fat. They also contain significant amounts of manganese, copper, vitamin E, thiamine, and magnesium.[18]

Common hazel is cultivated for its nuts in commercial orchards in Europe, Turkey, Iran and Caucasus. The name "hazelnut" applies to the nuts of any of the several species of the genus Corylus. This hazelnut or cobnut, the kernel of the seed, is edible and used raw or roasted, or ground into a paste. The seed has a thin, dark brown skin which has a bitter flavour and is sometimes removed before cooking. The top producer of hazelnuts, by a large margin, is Turkey, specifically the Giresun Province. Turkish hazelnut production of 625,000 tonnes accounts for approximately 75% of worldwide production.[19]

Biochemistry

In 2003, the US Food and Drug Administration recognized edible nuts as "heart healthy" foods.[20][21] Frequent nut intake is associated with low risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer.[22][23][24] The prevalent phenolics accumulates in Corylus avellana kernels and its by-products are catechin, gallic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, their esters and flavonoids.[25][26] Various other bioactive phenols have also been characterized in hazelnut leaves and foliar buds.[27]

See also

References

  1. ^ Shaw, K.; Roy, S.; Wilson, B. (2014). "Corylus avellana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T63521A3125935. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T63521A3125935.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.
  3. ^ a b Trees for Life Hazel species profile Archived 2013-03-29 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ a b Flora of NW Europe: Corylus avellana Archived 2008-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Mitchell, A. F. (1982). The Trees of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-219037-0
  6. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum p. 998.
  7. ^ "LacusCurtius • Pliny the Elder's Natural History — Book 23". penelope.uchicago.edu.
  8. ^ Den Virtuella Floran: map
  9. ^ Harley, J.L.; Harley, E.L. (1987). "A checklist of mycorrhiza in the British flora". New Phytologist. 105: 1–102. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00674.x.
  10. ^ Santelices, R.; Palfner, G. (2010). "Controlled rhizogenesis and mycorrhization of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cuttings with Black truffle (tuber melanosporum Vitt.)". Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research. 70 (2): 204–212. doi:10.4067/S0718-58392010000200003. hdl:1807/45808.
  11. ^ Molnar, T.J. (2011). "Corylus.". In Kole, C. (ed.). Wild crop relatives: Genomic and breeding resources, forest trees. Springer-Verlag. pp. 15–48.
  12. ^ Zhao, Jiarui; Wang, Xinhe; Lin, He; Lin, Zhe (1 July 2023). "Hazelnut and its by-products: A comprehensive review of nutrition, phytochemical profile, extraction, bioactivities and applications". Food Chemistry. 413. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135576. PMID 36745946. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  13. ^ a b Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  14. ^ Ciemniewska-Żytkiewicz, Hanna; Verardo, Vito; Pasini, Federica; Bryś, Joanna; Koczoń, Piotr; Caboni, Maria Fiorenza (1 February 2015). "Determination of lipid and phenolic fraction in two hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars grown in Poland". Food Chemistry. 168: 615–622. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.107. hdl:11585/552099. PMID 25172755.
  15. ^ "Corylus avellana 'Contorta'". RHS. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  16. ^ "Corylus avellana 'Red Majestic'". RHS. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  17. ^ "Hazelnut Plants". Archived from the original on 2016-03-31. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
  18. ^ SELF Nutrition data, Nuts, hazelnuts or filberts. Accessed 2014-08-22.
  19. ^ World Hazelnut Situation and Outlook, USDA 2004.
  20. ^ US Food and Drug Administration. (14 July 2003). Qualified Health Claims, Letter of Enforcement Discretion – Nuts and Coronary Heart Disease. Rockville, MD, USA: US Food & Drug Administration. pp. 1–4.
  21. ^ Brown, Damon (April 2003). "FDA considers health claim for nuts". J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 103 (4): 426. doi:10.1053/jada.2003.50094. PMID 12668999.
  22. ^ Surh, Y.-J. (2003). "Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals". Nature Reviews Cancer. 3 (10): 768–780. doi:10.1038/nrc1189. PMID 14570043.
  23. ^ Hertog, M.G.; Feskens, E. J.; Hollman, P.C.; Katan, M.B.; Kromhout, D. (23 October 1993). "Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study". Lancet. 342 (8878): 1007–11. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)92876-u. PMID 8105262.
  24. ^ Ness, A.R.; Powles, J.W.; Khaw, K.T. (1997). "Vitamin C and cardiovascular disease – a systematic review". J. Cardiovasc Risk. 3 (6): 513–521. PMID 9100087.
  25. ^ Shahidi, Fereidoon; Alasalvar, Cesarettin; Liyana-Pathirana, Chandrika M. (March 2007). "Antioxidant Phytochemicals in Hazelnut Kernel (Corylus avellana L.) and Hazelnut Byproducts". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 55 (4): 1212–20. doi:10.1021/jf062472o. PMID 17249682.
  26. ^ Del Rio et al. 2011.
  27. ^ Oliveira, I.; Sousa, A.; Valentão, P.; Andrade, P. B.; Ferreira, I. C. F. R.; Ferreres, F.; Bento, A.; Seabra, R.; Estevinho, L.; Pereira, J. A. (2007). "Hazel (Corylus avellana L.) leaves as source of antimicrobial and antioxidative compounds". Food Chemistry. 105 (3): 1018–1025. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.059. hdl:10198/753.