Comparison of graphics file formats

This is a comparison of image file formats (graphics file formats). This comparison primarily features file formats for 2D images.

General

Ownership of the format and related information.

Format Full name Owner based Format File extension MIME type Application Patent-
free
AI Adobe Illustrator Document Adobe Systems .ai application/illustrator,
application/postscript 		Adobe Illustrator No
ANI ANI file format Microsoft RIFF .ani Microsoft Windows
ANIM Electronic Arts and Commodore IFF .iff, .anim video/x-anim
APNG Animated Portable Network Graphics Mozilla PNG .png image/png Gecko 1.9 and Opera Yes
Apple Icon Image Apple Inc. .icns macOS
ART AOL .art
ASCII art .txt, .ansi, .text text/vnd.ascii-art Supported by GIMP
AutoCAD DXF Drawing Interchange Format Autodesk .dxf image/vnd.dxf
ARW Sony Alpha RAW Sony TIFF .arw
AVIF AV1 Image File Format Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia) AV1 .avif image/avif General purpose royalty-free
BAY Casio RAW Casio .bay
BMP raw-data unencoded or encoded bitmap simple colour image format, far older than Microsoft; some .bmp encoding formats developed/owned by Microsoft .bmp, .dib, .rle,
.2bp (2bpp) 		image/x-bmp Used by many 2D applications. Yes
BPG Better Portable Graphics Fabrice Bellard HEVC .bpg General purpose No
BSAVE BSAVE Image .BSV Used by IBM PC.
CAL CALS raster file format .cal, .cals, .ras, .dcl
CIFF Camera Image File Format Canon .crw, .ciff
CR2 Canon RAW 2 Canon TIFF .cr2
CDR CorelDRAW Document Corel Corporation .cdr, .ccx, .cdt, .cmx application/coreldraw CorelDRAW No
CD5 Chasys Draw IES Image John Paul Chacha .cd5 Native format for Chasys Draw IES for storing layered images and animations No
CGM Computer Graphics Metafile .cgm image/cgm CGM files are editable using programs that support the format, such as IBM Lotus Freelance Graphics, Inkscape, etc.
CIN Cineon .cin image/cineon
CPC Cartesian Perceptual Compression Cartesian Products, Inc. .cpc, .cpi image/cpi Highly compressed raster imaging format. No
DCS Kodak DCS Pro RAW Kodak .dcs
DCR Digital Camera Raw Kodak TIFF .dcr
DDS DirectDraw Surface Microsoft .dds
DNG Digital Negative Adobe Systems compatible with
ISO 12234-2,
TIFF/EP[1] 		.dng A raw image format suitable as an archival format and as the native raw format of digital cameras[2] Yes[3]
DICOM Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine National Electrical Manufacturers Association .dcm, .dicom application/dicom[4] Numerous biomedical imaging applications[4] (e.g. OsiriX, XMedCon), some general bitmap graphics applications (e.g. GIMP, Photoshop)
DjVu DjVu AT&T Research .djvu, .djv image/vnd.djvu
DPX Digital Picture eXchange file format .dpx image/dpx
DRF Kodak Pro Back RAW Kodak .drf
Encapsulated PostScript page description/scripting language (see PostScript) Adobe .epi, .eps, .eps2,
.eps3, .epsf, .epsi,
.ept 		application/postscript printing/publishing industry standard format
ECW Enhanced Compressed Wavelet ERDAS .ecw Wavelet image format used primarily with geo-referenced aerial and satellite imagery No
EMF Enhanced Metafile Format Microsoft .emf, .emz Microsoft Office
EMF+ Enhanced Metafile Format Plus Extensions Microsoft .emf, .emz
ERF EPSON RAW EPSON TIFF .erf
Exif Exchangeable Image File Format .exif
EVA Extended Vector Animation Sharp Corporation .eva application/x-eva
EXR OpenEXR ILM .exr image/exr Used in film effects for 3d rendering and hdr images. Yes[5]
FITS Flexible Image Transport System .fit, .fits Scientific (esp. astronomical) data acquisition
FLIC Autodesk .fli, .flc, .flx, .flh, .flt Supported by GIMP
FLIF Free Lossless Image Format .flif, .flf General-purpose,

superseded by Jpeg XL

Yes
FPX FlashPix (1.0.2) .fpx image/vnd.fpx
Gerber Format The Gerber Format Specification Ucamco Printable ASCII .gbr application/vnd.gerber Printed Circuit Board or PCB software Yes
GIF Graphics Interchange Format CompuServe,
Unisys (compression algorithm) 		.gif, .gfa, .giff image/gif General purpose, obsolete, now only used for animations Yes
HEIF High Efficiency Image Format Motion Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) .heif, .heic image/heif, image/heic,
image/heic-sequence,
image/heif-sequence 		General purpose No
HDRi TIFF .tif, .tiff image/tiff
ICER NASA Mars Rovers
ICO ICO file format Microsoft .ico, .cur image/vnd.Microsoft.icon,
image/x-icon 		Microsoft Windows and web browsers as favicon
ICS Image Cytometry Standard .ics, .ids
IGES Initial Graphics Exchange Specification .igs image/iges CAD/CAM interoperability Yes
ILBM InterLeaved BitMap Electronic Arts and Commodore IFF .iff, .ilbm, .lbm image/x-ilbm Planar graphics format designed for Amiga graphics hardware. Yes
JBIG Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group .jbig, .bie, .jbg
JBIG2 Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group
JNG JPEG Network Graphics .jng image/x-jng Yes
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group Joint Photographic Experts Group .jpg, .jpeg, .jpe
(containers:
.jif, .jfif, .jfi) 		image/jpeg General purpose Yes
JPEG 2000 Joint Photographic Experts Group 2000 Joint Photographic Experts Group .jp2, .j2c, .jpc,
.j2k, .jpx 		image/jp2 General purpose royalty-free
JPEG-LS Joint Photographic Experts Group .jls
JPEG-HDR Dolby Laboratories/BrightSide Technologies JPEG General purpose
JPEG XL Joint Photographic Experts Group PIK, FUIF (FLIF) .jxl image/jxl General-purpose, lossless JPEG transcoding. Yes
JPEG XT Joint Photographic Experts Group General purpose
JPEG XR / HD Photo JPEG XR / HD Photo Microsoft .wdp, .hdp, .jxr image/vnd.ms-photo General purpose royalty-free
KDC Kodak DC40/DC50 RAW Kodak TIFF .kdc
K25 Kodak DC25 RAW Kodak TIFF .k25
Logluv TIFF Greg Ward TIFF Supported by LibTIFF
MNG Multiple-image Network Graphics PNG .mng video/x-mng Yes
NEF Nikon RAW Nikon TIFF .nef
MIFF Magick image file format ImageMagick Studio .miff ImageMagick
MRW Minolta RAW Minolta .mrw
ORF Olympus RAW Olympus TIFF .orf
PAM portable arbitrary map file format .pam image/x-portable-arbitrarymap Yes
PBM Portable Bitmap File Format ASCII .pbm image/x-portable-bitmap Yes
PCX ZSoft PC Paintbrush File ZSoft Corporation .pcx, .pcc, .dcx image/x-pcx Dated rle packed indexed image format, used in some early 3d shooting games like Unreal Tournament as it takes up very little space and is easy to decode. ?
PDF Portable Document Format Adobe Systems .pdf, .epdf application/pdf
PEF PENTAX RAW PENTAX TIFF .pef
PGF Progressive Graphics File xeraina GmbH .pgf Photographic images, eventual replacement for JPEG. Yes
PGM Portable Graymap File Format ASCII .pgm image/x-portable-graymap Yes
PGML Precision Graphics Markup Language Adobe Systems, IBM,
Netscape, Sun Microsystems 		Yes
PICT Macintosh PICT Format Apple Inc. .pict, .pic, .pct,
.pct1, .pct2 		image/pict Metafile for Classic Mac OS, not meant for print publishing. Likely
expired
PICtor John Bridges, Doug Wolfgram .pic Supported by PCPaint
PNG Portable Network Graphics World Wide Web Consortium .png image/png General purpose Yes
PNM Portable Anymap File Format ASCII .pnm image/x-portable-anymap Yes
PostScript page description/scripting language, levels 1–3 Adobe .ps, .ps2, .ps3 printing/publishing industry standard format
PPM Portable Pixmap File Format ASCII .ppm image/x-portable-pixmap Very easy to understand. Programs to analyze and write to this format are easily written. Yes
PSD Photoshop Document Adobe Systems .psd, .psb, .pdb,
.pdd 		image/vnd.adobe.photoshop[6] Used mainly for storing image manipulation & editing data. No
PSP Paint Shop Pro Document Corel Corporation .psp, .tub,
.pspimage 		image/x-psp Paint Shop Pro ?
QOI Quite OK Image Format Dominic Szablewski .qoi Yes
RAD Gregory Ward Larson .rad Radiance
RAF Fujifilm RAW Fujifilm .raf
RGBE Gregory Ward Larson .hdr image/vnd.radiance Radiance, most HDR imaging software
SGI Silicon Graphics Image .sgi, .rgb, .rgba,
.bw, .int, .inta,
.icon
SRF Sony RAW File Sony TIFF .srf, .sr2
SVG Scalable Vector Graphics World Wide Web Consortium XML .svg,
.svgz (compressed) 		image/svg+xml Vector graphics Yes
SWF Shockwave Flash Adobe Systems .swf application/x-shockwave-flash Adobe Flash Player
TGA Truevision Targa Truevision Inc. .tga, .tpic image/tga Texture format used by many 3d application. Yes
TIFF Tag Image File Format Adobe Systems .tiff, .tif image/tiff Document scanning and imaging format, also functions as a container. Yes
TIFF/EP Tag Image File Format / Electronic Photography International Organization for Standardization TIFF .tiff, .tif
UFO Ulead File for Objects .ufo
VML Vector Markup Language Microsoft XML .htm, .html application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.vmlDrawing Internet Explorer, Microsoft Office Yes
WBMP Wireless Application Protocol Bitmap Format Open Mobile Alliance (formerly WAP Forum) .wbmp, .wbm, .wbp image/vnd.wap.wbmp Used in WAP-pages Yes
WebP WebP image format Google .webp image/webp General purpose royalty-free
WMF Windows Metafile Format Microsoft .wmf, .wmz
XAR Xar Xara Xar (graphics) .xar application/vnd.xara Xara Photo & Graphic Designer Yes
XBM X BitMap, colour variant of original black-and-white bitmap (bmp) format .xbm, .bm,
.icon, .bitmap 		image/x-xbitmap Used by many legacy Unix applications.
XCF XCF, name derived from eXperimental Computing Facility The GIMP Team .xcf,
.xcfbz2 (compressed),
.xcfgz (compressed) 		application/x-gimp-image GIMP
XPM X-Pixmap .xpm, .pm image/x-xpm Legacy Unix applications
X3F SIGMA RAW SIGMA .x3f
Format Full name Owner based Format File extension MIME type Application Patent-
free

Technical details

Format Compression
algorithm		 Raster/
vector		 Maximum

Color depth

Indexed color Trans-

parency

Meta-

data

Inter-

lacing

Multi-page Anima-tion Layers Color manage-ment Extend­-

able

HDR format CMYK
AI Lossy and lossless Both 8 bpc Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes — No
AVIF AV1 Lossy and lossless Raster 12 bpc No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No
BMP None, RLE, JPEG, and PNG Raster 16 bpc Yes Yes No No No No No Yes No No No
BPG HEVC, Lossy and lossless Raster 14 bpc No Yes Yes No No Yes — Yes — —
CD5 Lossless, ACSC Both 16 bpc Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Partial Yes No
CDR Lossy and lossless Both 8 bpc Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes — No
CPC CPC Raster 1 No No Yes No Yes No No No Yes, via embedded dictionary No
EPS None, LZW, Deflate, RLE, DCT Both Device specific No Yes Yes — Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
EXR None, RLE, ZIP, Piz, PXR24, and B44, B44A, DWAA, DWAB Raster 32 bpc No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
FLIF Lossless, MANIAC entropy coding Raster 16 bpc Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes, via chunks Yes
GIF LZW Raster 255 colors Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes (GIF89a) No No
HD Photo / JPEG XR Lossy and lossless bi-orthogonal transform Raster 32 bpc No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes
ILBM Optional run-length encoding Raster 8 bpc Yes No Yes Yes No Yes,
Palette-shifting 		No No Yes No
JPEG Lossy (and partly lossless), DCT, RLE, and Huffman predictive nearest neighbor Raster 8 bpc No No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No (see unofficial JPEG-HDR) Yes
JPEG 2000 Lossy and lossless (DWT) Raster 38 bpc No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes — No Yes
JPEG XL Lossy and lossless (VarDCT mode, Modular mode) Raster 32 bpc Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
KRA None Both 32 bpc No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
ORA Lossless Both 16 bpc Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
PAM None Raster Up to 16 No Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes No
PCX None, RLE Raster 8 bpc Yes Yes No No Yes No No No No No
PGF Lossy and lossless (DWT) Raster 16 bpc Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No — No
PICT None, RLE, and QuickTime Both 8 bpc Yes Yes Yes — No No No — No? No
PNG Lossless and deflate Raster 16 bpc Yes Yes Yes Yes No No (but see MNG and APNG) No Yes Yes, via chunks No, see discussion No
PPM None Raster 8 ppc No No Yes No Yes No No No No No
PSD and PSB None and RLE Both 32 bpc Yes Yes Yes — No Yes Yes Yes No? Yes
PSP None Both 16 bpc Yes Yes Yes No — No Yes — — No
SVG None and lossless gzip Vector[a] 8 bpc No Yes Yes — Yes (1.2 draft)[7] Yes (SMIL/SVG) Yes Yes[8] Yes, XML based —
TGA None, RLE, and other Raster 8 bpc Yes Yes Yes No No No No No — No
TIFF None, LZW, RLE, ZIP, and other Both 16 bpc Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes, via tags Yes, TIFF float Yes
WebP Lossy and lossless Raster 8 bpc No[9][10] Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No
XCF None and lossless (gzip, bzip2 and xz) Both 32 bpc Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Format Compression algorithm Raster/
vector		 Maximum

Color depth

Indexed color Trans-parency Meta-

data

Inter-

lacing

Multi-page Anima-tion Layers Color manage-ment Extend-

­able

HDR format CMYK
  1. ^ Supports raster data embedding with the use of Base64.

See also

References

  1. ^ Adobe: DNG Specification
  2. ^ Adobe: Introducing the Digital Negative Specification: Information for manufacturers
  3. ^ Adobe Labs: CinemaDNG Archived 2012-03-07 at the Wayback Machine (last bullet point)
  4. ^ a b RFC 3240
  5. ^ "License". openexr.com.
  6. ^ "vnd.adobe.photoshop". Retrieved 2010-01-28.
  7. ^ "Multiple pages (SVG 1.2)". www.w3.org.
  8. ^ "Removed: Color — SVG 2". www.w3.org.
  9. ^ "Issue 437: allow palette extraction from indexed lossless images". WebP issue tracker. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  10. ^ "Lossless Bitstream Specification, section Color Indexing Transform". WebP official reference at Google Developers. Retrieved 1 December 2020.

Read other articles:

Colobothea cassandra

Colobothea cassandra Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Arthropoda Kelas: Insecta Ordo: Coleoptera Famili: Cerambycidae Genus: Colobothea Spesies: Colobothea cassandra Colobothea cassandra adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Colobothea, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia. Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang ...

 

كلية الزراعة (جامعة الزقازيق)

تحتاج هذه المقالة كاملةً أو أجزاءً منها لإعادة الكتابة حسبَ أسلوب ويكيبيديا. فضلًا، ساهم بإعادة كتابتها لتتوافق معه.   لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع كلية الزراعة (توضيح). كلية الزراعة (جامعة الزقازيق) معلومات الموقع الجغرافي إحصاءات تعديل مصدري - تعديل   كلية الزراعة بجامعة الز�...

 

Flower Films

Film production company founded by Drew Barrymore with Nancy Juvonen For the documentary film production company founded by Les Blank, see Les Blank. Flower Films, Inc.Company typePrivateIndustryFilm, television productionFounded1995; 29 years ago (1995)FoundersDrew Barrymore Nancy JuvonenHeadquartersLos Angeles, California, U.S.ProductsNever Been Kissed Donnie Darko Charlie's Angels Whip It! Santa Clarita DietThe Drew Barrymore Show Flower Films, Inc. is an American product...

Faust (opera)

FaustOpera karya Charles GounodProduksi awal, tata panggung oleh Édouard DesplechinLibrettist Jules Barbier Michel Carré BahasaPrancisBerdasarkan padaFaust et Margueriteoleh Michel CarréPenampilan perdana19 Maret 1859 (1859-03-19)Théâtre Lyrique, Paris Faust adalah opera lima babak karya Charles Gounod, dengan libreto berbahasa Prancis yang disusun oleh Jules Barbier dan Michel Carré, disadur dari sandiwara Carré berjudul Faust et Marguerite. Opera ini secara tidak langsung dipeng...

 

Ein starkes Team: Tödliche Verführung

Episode 60 der Reihe Ein starkes Team Titel Tödliche Verführung Produktionsland Deutschland Originalsprache Deutsch Länge 88 Minuten Altersfreigabe FSK 12 Produktions­unternehmen UFA Regie Daniel Helfer Drehbuch Leo P. Ard Produktion Michaela Nix Musik Nikolaus Glowna Ludwig Eckmann Wolfram de Marco Kamera Stefan Ditner Schnitt Anton Korndörfer Premiere 17. Jan. 2015 auf ZDF Besetzung Maja Maranow: Verena Berthold Florian Martens: Otto Garber Arnfried Lerche: Lothar Reddem...

 

VAQ-139

Electromagnetic Attack Squadron 139Active1 July 1983Country United StatesBranch United States NavyTypeElectromagnetic AttackRoleElectromagnetic WarfarePart ofCarrier Air Wing SeventeenGarrison/HQNAS Whidbey IslandMotto(s)Si Vis Pacem Para BellumIf you want peace, prepare for warColorsBlue and GreyMascot(s)CougarCommandersCurrentcommanderCDR Antonia Miggles MigginsAircraft flownAttackEA-6B ProwlerEA-18G GrowlerMilitary unit Electromagnetic Attack Squadron 139 (VAQ-139), also kn...

Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area

Metropolitan area in the United States For a metropolitan area within this combined statistical area, see Greater Pittsburgh. Metropolitan Area in Pennsylvania, United StatesGreater Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical AreaMetropolitan AreaDowntown Pittsburgh seen from Mount Washington in September 2018Pittsburgh–Weirton–Steubenville, PA–OH–WV CSA   City of Pittsburgh   Pittsburgh, PA MSA   Weirton–Steubenville, OH–WV MSA  Herm...

 

Liste des ministres français de la Défense

Pour les autres articles nationaux ou selon les autres juridictions, voir Ministre de la Défense. Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Certaines informations figurant dans cet article ou cette section devraient être mieux reliées aux sources mentionnées dans les sections « Bibliographie », « Sources » ou « Liens externes » (janvier 2023). Vous pouvez améliorer la vérifiabilité en associant ces informations...

 

Emission nebula

Nebula formed of ionized gases that emit light of various wavelengths Planetary nebulae, represented here by the Ring Nebula, are examples of emission nebulae. An emission nebula is a nebula formed of ionized gases that emit light of various wavelengths. The most common source of ionization is high-energy ultraviolet photons emitted from a nearby hot star. Among the several different types of emission nebulae are H II regions, in which star formation is taking place and young, massive stars a...

Woodbury County, Iowa

County in Iowa, United States County in IowaWoodbury CountyCountyWoodbury County Courthouse in Sioux City SealLocation within the U.S. state of IowaIowa's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 42°23′29″N 96°03′03″W / 42.3914°N 96.0508°W / 42.3914; -96.0508Country United StatesState IowaFounded1851Named forLevi Woodbury[1]SeatSioux CityLargest citySioux CityArea • Total878 sq mi (2,270 km2) • Land872.59...

 

School violence

Circumstance of violence School violence includes violence between school students as well as attacks by students on school staff and attacks by school staff on students. It encompasses physical violence, including student-on-student fighting, corporal punishment; psychological violence such as verbal abuse, and sexual violence, including rape and sexual harassment. It includes many forms of bullying (including cyberbullying) and carrying weapons to school. The one or more perpetrators typica...

 

PP-2000

Submachine gun PP-2000 PP-2000 with a detached magazine below itTypeSubmachine gunPersonal defense weaponMachine pistolPlace of originRussiaService historyIn service2006–presentUsed bySee UsersWarsWar on TerrorRusso-Ukrainian War[1][2]Production historyDesignerV.P. Gryazev[3]B.I. Kuzhetsov[3]A.I. Rasskazov[3]Designed1993-1997ManufacturerKBP Instrument Design Bureau[3]Produced2006–present[4]SpecificationsMass1.4...

Иоганн II (герцог Баварии)

В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с именем Иоганн II. Иоганн IIнем. Johann II Герцог Баварско-Ландсхутский 1375 — 1392 Предшественник Стефан II Герцог Баварско-Мюнхенский 1392 — 1397 Преемник Эрнст Вильгельм III Рождение 1341(1341)Мюнхен, Бавария Смерть 1397(1397)Ландсхут, Баварско-�...

 

Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)

2005 film by Mike Newell Harry Potter and the Goblet of FireTheatrical release posterDirected byMike NewellScreenplay bySteve KlovesBased onHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fireby J. K. RowlingProduced byDavid HeymanStarring Daniel Radcliffe Rupert Grint Emma Watson Robbie Coltrane Ralph Fiennes Michael Gambon Brendan Gleeson Jason Isaacs Gary Oldman Alan Rickman Maggie Smith Timothy Spall CinematographyRoger PrattEdited byMick AudsleyMusic byPatrick DoyleProductioncompanies Warner Bros. Pictur...

 

World Giving Index

Annual ranking of charitable giving by country This section uses citations that link to broken or outdated sources. Please improve the article by addressing link rot or discuss this issue on the talk page. (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The World Giving Index (WGI) is an annual report published by the Charities Aid Foundation, using data gathered by Gallup, and ranks over 140 countries in the world according to how charitable they are. The aim of the World Giving...

Sebald Beham

German painter and printmaker (1500–1550) Adam and Eve, 1543, 82 × 56 mm Sebald Beham (1500–1550) was a German painter and printmaker, mainly known for his very small engravings. Born in Nuremberg, he spent the later part of his career in Frankfurt. He was one of the most important of the Little Masters, the group of German artists making prints in the generation after Dürer. His name is often given as Hans Sebald Beham although there is no documentary evidence that he ever used that ad...

 

邊境禁區通行證

上水警署邊境禁區通行證辦事處 邊境禁區通行證（英語：Closed Area Permit），俗稱禁區紙，是發給在香港邊境禁區內居住、探望親友、工作、通行或接送學童上學／放學的「特定人士」用。通行證的有效期最多為五年，申請人可於上水警署申請。十八歲以下的禁區居民無須申請禁區紙亦可自由進出禁區[1]。 由1997年起，上水警署邊境禁區通行證辦事處（沙頭角公路龍躍頭...

 

Click consonant

Speech sounds in several African languages ʘ ǀ ǁ ǂ ǃ 𝼊Click releasesIn UnicodeU+0298 ʘ LATIN LETTER BILABIAL CLICK U+01C0 ǀ LATIN LETTER DENTAL CLICK U+01C1 ǁ LATIN LETTER LATERAL CLICK U+01C2 ǂ LATIN LETTER ALVEOLAR CLICK U+01C3 ǃ LATIN LETTER RETROFLEX CLICK U+01DF0A 𝼊 LATIN LETTER RETROFLEX CLICK WITH RETROFLEX HOOKDifferent fromDifferent fromU+007C | VERTICAL LINE U+2016 ‖ DOUBLE VERTICA...

History of special relativity

History of relativity redirects here. For the history of general relativity, see history of general relativity. The history of special relativity consists of many theoretical results and empirical findings obtained by Albert A. Michelson, Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincaré and others. It culminated in the theory of special relativity proposed by Albert Einstein and subsequent work of Max Planck, Hermann Minkowski and others. Introduction Although Isaac Newton based his physics on absolute time...

 

Adéle Weman

Finnish writer and educator Parus Ater redirects here. For the bird, see Parus ater. Adéle WemanBorn(1844-10-07)October 7, 1844Valkeala, FinlandDiedSeptember 1, 1936(1936-09-01) (aged 91)Kimito, FinlandNationalityFinnishGenreFolk tale, novel, children's literature, poetry, theatre Adèle Wilhelmina Weman (October 7, 1844 – September 10, 1936) was a Finnish writer and educator. She wrote in Swedish under the pen names Parus Ater, Inga Storm and Zakarias.[1] She was a pionee...