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Cliff House Sandstone
Cliff House Sandstone
Stratigraphic range: Late Campanian; ~75 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Cliff House Sandstone at Cliff House, Mesa Verde National Park
Type	Formation
Unit of	Mesaverde Group
Sub-units	Barker Dome Tongue, Beechatuda Tongue, Chacra Tongue, Cholla Canyon Tongue, La Ventana Tongue, Ute Canyon Tongue
Underlies	Lewis Shale
Overlies	Menefee Formation
Thickness	300 m (980 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone
Location
Coordinates	37°10′01″N 108°28′23″W / 37.167°N 108.473°W
Region	Colorado
Country	United States
Extent	Mesa Verde National Park, San Juan Basin
Type section
Named for	Cliff House, Mesa Verde National Park
Named by	A.J. Collier
Year defined	1919

The Cliff House Sandstone is a late Campanian stratigraphic unit comprising sandstones in the western United States.

Description

The Cliff House Sandstone consists of fine grained white to orange calcareous sandstone. It intertongues with the underlying Menefee Formation and the overlying Lewis Shale.^[1] Where the Lewis Shale pinches out in the southwest San Juan Basin, the formation is indistinguishable from the Pictured Cliffs Formation and the name "Pictured Cliffs" is applied to the entire sequence of massive sandstone.^[2]

The formation is exposed at Mesa Verde National Park, where it forms the prominent cliffs around Cliff House, for which it is named.^[3] It is also prominent at Chaco Canyon.^[4]

At Chaco Canyon, the formation can be divided into three informal members. These are a lower massive marine sandstone deposited in a high-energy environment; a middle unit deposited in deeper water that contains some shale beds; and an upper sandstone deposited in a beach and bar environment.^[4]

The formation is part of the Mesaverde Group of the San Juan Basin, which records a regression-transgression sequence of the Western Interior Seaway. The Cliff House Sandstone was deposited during the return of the sea as near-shore sand.^[5]

History of investigation

The Cliff House Sandstone was first described by W.H.Holmes in 1877 during the Hayden Survey as the "Upper Escarpment" of the Mesaverde Formation.^[6] A.J. Collier redesignated this unit in 1919 as the Cliff House Sandstone and raised the Mesaverde Formation to group rank.^[3]

Stratigraphy

Fossil content

Outcrops of the formation in Mesa Verde National Park have produced fossil shark teeth, along with the jaws, teeth and fins of Enchodus^[7] and Chimaeroid (cartilaginous fish) egg cases. The latter have not yet been connected to a particular species of fish.^[8]

At Chaco Canyon, the lower beds produce shells and casts from clams, ammonites (including possible Placenticeras), snails, and shark's teeth. Trace fossils classified as Ophiomorpha nodosa are common and are thought to have been produced by Callianasa shrimp. The middle unit hyas fewer trace fossils but more Inoceramus, while the upper beds are rich in invertebrate shells, shark teeth, and bone debris from marine lizards.^[4]

References

^ Hayes & Zapp 1955.
^ Beaumont, Dane & Sears 1956.
^ ^a ^b Collier 1919.
^ ^a ^b ^c National Park Service 2015.
^ Olsen, Mellere & Olsen 1999.
^ Holmes 1877.
^ Hunt, Santucci & Kenworthy 2006.
^ Harrison, G. William M., 4th; Kirkland, James I.; Fischer, Jan; San Miguel, George; Wood, John R.; Santucci, Vincent L. (2021). "Two chimaeroid egg case remains from the late Cretaceous, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado USA". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 82: 113–120. Retrieved 30 August 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Bibliography

Beaumont, E.C.; Dane, C.H.; Sears, J.D. (1956). "Revised nomenclature of Mesaverde group in San Juan basin, New Mexico". American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin. 40 (9): 2149–2162. doi:10.1306/5CEAE565-16BB-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
Collier, A.J. (1919). "Contributions to economic geology, 1918; Part 2, Mineral fuels". Coal south of Mancos, Montezuma County, Colorado. Vol. 691-K. pp. K293–K310. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Hayes, P.T.; Zapp, A.D. (1955). "Geology and fuel resources of the Upper Cretaceous rocks of the Barker Dome-Fruitland area, San Juan County, New Mexico". U.S. Geological Survey Oil and Gas Investigations Map. OM-144. doi:10.3133/om144.
Hunt, ReBecca K.; Santucci, Vincent L.; Kenworthy, Jason (2006). "A preliminary inventory of fossil fish from National Park Service units". In Lucas, S.G.; Spielmann, J.A.; Hester, P.M.; Kenworthy, J.P.; Santucci, V.L. (eds.). Vol. 34. pp. 63–69. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |journal= ignored (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
Holmes, W.H. (1877). Hayden, F.V. (ed.). "Report [on the San Juan District, Colorado]". U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (Hayden), Annual Report. 9: 237–276. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
Olsen, Tina R.; Mellere, Donatella; Olsen, Torben (1999). "Facies architecture and geometry of landward-stepping shoreface tongues: the Upper Cretaceous Cliff House Sandstone (Mancos Canyon, south-west Colorado)". Sedimentology. 46 (4): 603–625. Bibcode:1999Sedim..46..603O. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3091.1999.00234.x. S2CID 140729285.
National Park Service (2015). "Cliff House Sandstone". Chaco Culture Natural Historical Park, New Mexico. Retrieved 8 June 2020.