The Classified Information Procedures Act or CIPA (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 96–456, 94 Stat. 2025, enacted October 15, 1980 through S. 1482) is codified as the third appendix to Title 18 of the U.S. Code, the title concerning crimes and criminal procedures. The U.S. Code citation is 18 U.S.C. App. III. Sections 1-16.
The hidden table below lists the acts of Congress that affected the act directly. The years in which the legislative revisions were made appear in bold text preceding the Public Laws that enacted them. The links to the codification and the section notes may provide additional information about the legislative changes, as well.
§ 1. Definitions
[Source: Added by section 1 of the Act of October 15, 1980 (Pub. L. 96–-456; 94 Stat. 2025), effective October 15, 1980]
§ 2. Pretrial conference
[Source: Added by section 2 of the Act of October 15, 1980 (Pub. L. 96–-456; 94 Stat. 2025), effective October 15, 1980]
§ 3. Protective orders
[Source: Added by section 3 of the Act of October 15, 1980 (Pub. L. 96–-456; 94 Stat. 2025), effective October 15, 1980]
§ 4. Discovery of classified information by defendants
[Source: Added by section 4 of the Act of October 15, 1980 (Pub. L. 96–-456; 94 Stat. 2025), effective October 15, 1980]
§ 5. Notice of defendant's intention to disclose classified information
[Source: Added by section 5 of the Act of October 15, 1980 (Pub. L. 96–-456; 94 Stat. 2026), effective October 15, 1980]
§ 6. Procedure for cases involving classified information
[Source: Added by section 6 of the Act of October 15, 1980 (Pub. L. 96–-456; 94 Stat. 2026), effective October 15, 1980]
§ 7. Interlocutory appeal
[Source: Added by section 7 of the Act of October 15, 1980 (Pub. L. 96–-456; 94 Stat. 2028), effective October 15, 1980]
§ 8. Introduction of classified information
[Source: Added by section 8 of the Act of October 15, 1980 (Pub. L. 96–-456; 94 Stat. 2028), effective October 15, 1980]
§ 9. Security procedures
[Source: Added by section 9 of the Act of October 15, 1980 (Pub. L. 96–-456; 94 Stat. 2029), effective October 15, 1980; as amended by section 1071(f) of title I of the Act of December 17, 2004 (Pub. L. 108–-458, 118 Stat. 3691), effective April 21, 2005]
§ 9A. Coordination requirements relating to the prosecution of cases involving classified information
[Source: Added by section 607 of title VI of the Act of December 27, 2000 (Pub. L. 106–-567, 114 Stat. 2855), effective December 27, 2000; as amended by section 506(a)(8) of title V of the Act of March 9, 2006 (Pub. L. 109–-177, 120 Stat. 248), effective March 9, 2006]
§ 10. Identification of information related to the national defense
[Source: Added by section 10 of the Act of October 15, 1980 (Pub. L. 96–-456; 94 Stat. 2029), effective October 15, 1980]
§ 11. Amendments to the Act
[Source: Added by section 11 of the Act of October 15, 1980 (Pub. L. 96–-456; 94 Stat. 2029), effective October 15, 1980]
§ 12. Attorney General guidelines
[Source: Added by section 12 of the Act of October 15, 1980 (Pub. L. 96–-456; 94 Stat. 2029), effective October 15, 1980]
§ 13. Reports to Congress
[Source: Added by section 13 of the Act of October 15, 1980 (Pub. L. 96–-456; 94 Stat. 2030), effective October 15, 1980; as amended by section 811(b)(3) of title VIII of the Act of November 27, 2002 (Pub. L. 107–-306, 116 Stat. 2423), effective November 27, 2002]
§ 14. Functions of Attorney General may be exercised by Deputy Attorney General, the Associate Attorney General, or a designated Assistant Attorney General
[Source: Added by section 14 of the Act of October 15, 1980 (Pub. L. 96–-456; 94 Stat. 2030), effective October 15, 1980; as amended by section 7020(g) of title VII of the Act of November 18, 1988 (Pub. L. 100–-690, 102 Stat. 4396), effective November 18, 1988]
§ 15. Effective date
[Source: Added by section 15 of the Act of October 15, 1980 (Pub. L. 96–-456; 94 Stat. 2030), effective October 15, 1980]
§ 16. Short title - this Act may be cited as the "Classified Information Procedures Act".
[Source: Added by section 16 of the Act of October 15, 1980 (Pub. L. 96–-456; 94 Stat. 2031), effective October 15, 1980]
The summary history of CIPA's codification through legislation:[1]
The primary purpose of CIPA was to limit the practice of graymail by criminal defendants in possession of sensitive government secrets. "Graymail" refers to the threat by a criminal defendant to disclose classified information during the course of a trial. The graymailing defendant essentially presented the government with a "dilemma": either allow disclosure of the classified information or dismiss the indictment.
The procedural protections of CIPA protect unnecessary disclosure of classified information.[2][3]
CIPA was not intended to infringe on a defendant's right to a fair trial or to change the existing rules of evidence in criminal procedure,[4] and largely codified the power of district courts to come to pragmatic accommodations of the government's secrecy interests with the traditional right of public access to criminal proceedings.[citation needed] Courts, therefore, did not radically alter their practices with the passage of CIPA; instead, the Act simply made it clear that the measures courts already were taking under their inherent case-management powers were permissible.[citation needed]
CIPA, by its terms, covers only criminal cases. CIPA only applies when classified information is involved, as defined in the Act's Section 1.
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