City of Preston, Lancashire

This article is about the local government district of Lancashire. For the settlement after which it is named, see Preston, Lancashire. For other uses, see City of Preston and Preston.

City of Preston
City & Non-metropolitan district
Preston
Miller Park in Preston
Miller Park in Preston
Official logo of City of Preston
Coat of Arms of the City Council
Motto: 
Prince of Peace (Princeps Pacis)
Shown within Lancashire and England
Shown within Lancashire and England
City of Preston is located in England
City of Preston
City of Preston
Shown within England
Coordinates: 53°45′N 2°42′W / 53.750°N 2.700°W / 53.750; -2.700
CountryUnited Kingdom
CountryEngland
RegionNorth West England
CountyLancashire
Guild Merchant charter1179
City status2002
Government
 • TypeNon-metropolitan district
 • Local AuthorityPreston City Council
 • Leadership:Leader & Cabinet
 • MPs:Mark Hendrick (Lab),
Maya Ellis (Lab)
Area
 • City & Non-metropolitan district55 sq mi (142 km2)
Highest elevation
873 ft (266 m)
Lowest elevation
0 ft (0 m)
Population
 (2022)
 • City & Non-metropolitan district151,582 (Ranked 144th)
 • Density2,760/sq mi (1,065/km2)
 • Urban
365,000 (Central Lancashire)
Ethnicity (2021)
[1]
 • Ethnic groups
List
Religion (2021)
[1]
 • Religion
List
Time zoneUTC+0 (Greenwich Mean Time)
Postcode
PR1–PR4
Area code(s)01772, 01995
ISO 3166-2GB-LAN
ONS code30UK (ONS)
E07000123 (GSS)
OS grid referenceSD535295
DemonymPrestonian

The City of Preston, or simply Preston (/ˈprɛstən/ ⓘ),[2] is a local government district with city status in Lancashire, England. It lies on the north bank of the River Ribble and has a population of 151,582 (2022).[3][4] The neighbouring districts are Ribble Valley, South Ribble, Fylde and Wyre.

The district is named after its largest settlement, Preston, which lies in the south of the district. The district also includes rural areas to the north of the main urban area, including part of the Forest of Bowland, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. In 2002 the district was granted city status to mark the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II; prior to this it was known as the Borough of Preston, having held borough status since its creation in 1974.[5][6]

History

The town of Preston was an ancient borough, having been granted its first charter by Henry II in 1179.[7] The borough was reformed in 1836 to become a municipal borough under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. When elected county councils were established in 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888, Preston was considered large enough to run its own county-level services and so it became a county borough, independent from Lancashire County Council.[8]

In 1970 the New Town of Central Lancashire was designated, covering all of the county borough of Preston and parts of the districts of Chorley, Fulwood, Leyland, Walton-le-Dale, Chorley Rural District and Preston Rural District. The Central Lancashire Development Corporation was established to oversee the development of the new town, taking over town planning responsibilities from the local councils.[9]

The current district of Preston was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, covering the whole area of two former districts and a large part of a third, which were all abolished at the same time:[10][11][12]

The new district was a non-metropolitan district, forming a lower tier of local government with Lancashire County Council providing county-level services. The district was awarded borough status from its creation, allowing the chair of the council to take the title of mayor, continuing Preston's sequence of mayors which dates back to at least the fourteenth century.[7][13] In other new towns across England the 1974 reforms brought the whole designated area for the new town within a single district, but the Central Lancashire New Town was allowed to straddle the new districts of Preston, South Ribble and Chorley.[10] The Development Corporation was wound up in 1986 and planning powers transferred to the local councils.[14]

In 2002 the borough of Preston was awarded city status to mark the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II. The council therefore changed its name from Preston Borough Council to Preston City Council.[15][16] Like numerous other places granted city status since 1889, Preston has no Anglican cathedral. Instead, following the granting of city status, Preston's parish church was elevated by the Church of England to the status of Minster Church in June 2003.[17]

Governance

Preston City Council
Leadership
Philip Crowe,
Labour
since 15 May 2024[18]
Matthew Brown,
Labour
since 17 May 2018[19]
Adrian Phillips
since April 2019[20]
Structure
Seats48 councillors[22]
Political groups
Administration (29)[21]
  Labour (29)
Other parties (19)
  Liberal Democrat (13)
  Conservative (6)
Elections
Last election
2 May 2024
Next election
7 May 2026
Meeting place
Town Hall, Lancaster Road, Preston, PR1 2RL
Website
www.preston.gov.uk

Preston City Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Lancashire County Council.[23] Parts of the district are also covered by civil parishes, which form a third tier of local government.[24]

Entering the city centre from Fylde Road

Political control

The council has been under Labour majority control since 2011.

The first election to the enlarged Preston Borough Council created by the Local Government Act 1972 was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new arrangements came into effect on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since 1974 has been as follows:[25][26]

Party in control Years
Labour 1974–1976
Conservative 1976–1980
Labour 1980–1999
No overall control 1999–2011
Labour 2011–present

Leadership

See also: List of mayors of Preston

The role of mayor is largely ceremonial in Preston. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council. The leaders since 1992 have been:[27]

Councillor Party From To
David Borrow Labour 1992 1994
Valerie Wise[28] Labour 1994 1995
David Borrow Labour 1995 1997
Peter Rankin Labour 1997 2000
Ian Hall Labour 2000 15 May 2003
John Collins Labour 15 May 2003 16 May 2007
Ken Hudson Conservative 16 May 2007 18 May 2011
Peter Rankin Labour 18 May 2011 6 May 2018
Matthew Brown Labour 16 May 2018

Composition

Following the 2024 election and a subsequent by-election in July 2024, the composition of the council is:[29]

Party Councillors
Labour 29
Liberal Democrats 13
Conservative 6
Total 48

The next election is due in 2026.

Premises

The council is based at Preston Town Hall on Lancaster Road, which was built in 1934 for the old county borough council.[30][31]

Elections

See also: Preston City Council elections

Since the last boundary changes in 2019 the council has comprised 48 councillors representing 16 wards, with each ward electing three councillors. Elections are held three years out of every four, with a third of the council (one councillor for each ward) being elected at a time for a four-year term. Lancashire County Council elections are held in the fourth year of the cycle when there are no city council elections.[32]

Wider politics

Following boundary changes introduced for the 2024 General Election, the City of Preston is divided between two Parliamentary constituencies. The electoral wards of Greyfriars, Preston Rural East, Preston Rural North, and Sharoe Green, form part of the Ribble Valley constituency. The rest of the city forms the Preston constituency.

Between 2010 and 2024, the City of Preston was divided between three Westminster constituencies, namely Preston, Wyre and Preston North, and Fylde.

Historically, Preston has been divided between such constituencies as Preston North, Preston South, and Fylde South, although until 1885 it comprised one constituency called Preston, which actually included most of West Lancashire.

Geography

Physical geography

Topography of the City of Preston

The City of Preston district is a transitional region between coastal plain, river valley and moorland. The west of the district lies within the flat coastal plain of the Fylde. The southern border is the River Ribble which meanders through a flood plain in a wide, steep-sided valley. The northeast of the district lies within the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

The highest point is the summit of Beacon Fell at 266 m (873 ft) above sea level, an isolated fell two miles south of the main range of Bowland Fells just outside the district boundaries. The lowest point lies on the River Ribble in the southwest corner of the district. The Ribble here is tidal and therefore virtually at sea level. The course of the river west of Preston was artificially straightened in the 19th century, to ease passage of shipping to the docks.

The southern one-third of the district, most of which is covered by Preston and its suburbs, drains into Savick Brook running east-to-west and then turning south into the Ribble. The lowest section of the brook has been widened into the Ribble Link which connects the Lancaster Canal to the Ribble. The central and northern parts of the district drain into south- and west-flowing tributaries of the River Brock, itself a tributary of the Wyre whose estuary is at Fleetwood. The Brock forms part of the district boundary on the west and north sides of Beacon Fell. A small part of the district along the eastern boundary drains into the east-flowing River Loud, a tributary of the Hodder.

The lowland area in the north and east of the district, between Beacon Fell and the Fylde, is a dairy farming area, particularly noted for its cheesemaking dairies. Six of the ten Lancashire Cheese dairies listed on the British Cheese Board's website in 2011 are located in the City of Preston district (and the other four are only a few miles outside).[33] Beacon Fell Traditional Lancashire Cheese is a Protected Designation of Origin cheese named after Beacon Fell.[34]

At 53°45′N 2°42′W / 53.750°N 2.700°W / 53.750; -2.700, Preston city centre is approximately 27 miles north west of Manchester, 26 miles north east of Liverpool, and 15 miles east of the coastal town Blackpool.

Like most of inland Lancashire, Preston receives a higher than UK average total of rainfall, and is slightly colder. On 10 August 1893 Preston entered the UK Weather Records, with the Highest 5-min total rainfall of 32 mm. As of November 2008 this remains a record.[35]

See also: Preston, Lancashire — Climate

Demography

Population pyramid of the City of Preston in 2020

Ethnicity

Preston is a diverse city, although the majority of the ethnic minorities are South Asians, in particular Indians. The ethnic makeup of Preston based on the 2011 census is as follows (With average for England in brackets): 75.8% White British (79.8%), 0.8% White Irish (1.0%), 3.5% Other White (4.6%). 2.3% Mixed Race (2.2%). 10.3% Indian (2.6%), 3.2% Pakistani (2.1%), 0.3% Bangladeshi (0.8%), 0.9% Other Asian (1.5%). 0.6% Black Caribbean (1.1%), 0.5% Black African (1.8%), 0.1% Other Black (0.5%). 0.9% Chinese (0.7%), 0.4% Arab (0.4%) and 0.3% other (0.6%).[36]

Ethnic Group 1981 estimations[37] 1991[38] 2001[39] 2011[40] 2021[41]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 111,083 91% 113,209 89.8% 110,848 85.5% 112,415 80.2% 107,321 72.6%
White: British – – – – 107,810 83.1% 106,242 75.8% 97,715 66.1%
White: Irish – – – – 1,539 1,178 923 0.6%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller – – – – – – 111 114 0.1%
White: Roma – – – – – – – – 248 0.2%
White: Other – – – – 1,499 4,884 8,321 5.6%
Asian or Asian British: Total – – 10,703 8.5% 15,613 12% 21,732 15.5% 29,815 20.2%
Asian or Asian British: Indian – – 8,205 11,436 14,421 19,047 12.9%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani – – 1,722 2,746 4,425 7,554 5.1%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi – – 176 308 375 758 0.5%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese – – 195 546 1,235 707 0.5%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian – – 405 577 1,276 1,749 1.2%
Black or Black British: Total – – 1,529 1.2% 1,182 0.9% 1,676 1.2% 3,489 2.4%
Black or Black British: Caribbean – – 902 878 865 827 0.6%
Black or Black British: African – – 122 216 661 2,355 1.6%
Black or Black British: Other Black – – 505 88 150 827 0.6%
Mixed or British Mixed: Total – – – – 1,737 1.3% 3,326 2.4% 4,367 3.0%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean – – – – 950 1,627 1,759 1.2%
Mixed: White and Black African – – – – 97 300 506 0.3%
Mixed: White and Asian – – – – 450 931 1,321 0.9%
Mixed: Other Mixed – – – – 240 468 781 0.5%
Other: Total – – 641 0.5% 253 0.2% 1,053 0.8% 2,842 1.9%
Other: Arab – – – – – – 626 1,157 0.8
Other: Any other ethnic group – – 641 0.5% 253 0.2% 427 1,685 1.1
Ethnic minority: Total 10,999 9% 12,873 10.2% 18,785 14.5% 27,787 19.8% 40,513 27.4%
Total 122,082 100% 126,082 100% 129,633 100% 140,202 100% 147,834 100%

Child poverty

In 2008 a survey revealed that 50% of all children living in the city were living in families suffering from financial depression. An estimated 15,380 youngsters were part of the families on the breadline. The Campaign to End Child Poverty report defined children in poverty as children living in homes where occupants work less than 16 hours a week, or not at all, or where the full amount of tax credit is being claimed. The city was one of the most severely affected areas of the North West outside Liverpool and Manchester, with 21% of children in the city living in households which were completely workless and a further 29% in families struggling to get by with working tax credits. The two worst affected areas of the city were the Deepdale and St George's wards, where 75% and 77% of children respectively were said to be living in poverty.[42][needs update]

Jamea Masjid close to Preston City Centre

Religion

The City of Preston lies in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lancaster and the Anglican Diocese of Blackburn.

In July 2016, St Ignatius Church in Preston, which had been gifted by the Catholic Diocese of Lancaster to the Syro-Malabar Catholic community, was raised to the status of a cathedral by Pope Francis. It now serves as the seat of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain[43][44]

The 2001 Census recorded 72% of the population as Christians, 10% as having no religion, and 8% as Muslim.[45] The Hindu and Sikh populations were smaller at 3% and 0.6% respectively, but in both cases this represented the highest percentage of any local authority area in the North West. 2% of the city's population were born in other EU countries.

The 2021 census showed the proportion of respondents describing themselves as Christian as 47.6%, Muslim 16.1%, Hindu 3.0%, Sikh 0.7%, Buddhist 0.3%, Jewish 0.1% and other religions 0.4%. Those choosing no religion comprised 26.3%. The question was not answered by 5.4%.[46]

Towns and parishes

Civil parishes in the City of Preston
class=notpageimage|
Places in the City of Preston district
  Forest of Bowland AONB

The main urban area, broadly covering the combined area of the pre-1974 Preston County Borough and Fulwood Urban District, is an unparished area. The remainder of the district is divided into nine civil parishes:

Freedom of the City

Freedom of the City has been granted to:[47]

Individuals

  • Sir Tom Finney – 6 September 1979
  • Ian Whyte Hall - 21 May 1992
  • Joseph Hood - 21 May 1992
  • Harold Parker (Guild Mayor 1992) - 21 May 1992
  • Nick Park – 25 October 1997
  • Andrew Flintoff – 20 January 2006
  • Kenneth James Hudson - 21 August 2014
  • Lady Milena Grenfell-Baines - 5 February 2015

Organisations and their successors in office

Adoption of Regiment

The Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) was adopted on 7 August 1952. This was transferred to The Queen's Lancashire Regiment on 9 September 1972, and subsequently transferred to the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment on 1 July 2006.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b UK Census (2021). "2021 Census Area Profile – Preston Local Authority (E07000123)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  2. ^ "Local Authority Districts, Counties and Unitary Authorities (April 2021) Map in United Kingdom". Office for National Statistics: Open Geography Portal. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  3. ^ "Labour Market Profile - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  4. ^ "Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  5. ^ "District Councils and Boroughs". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 28 March 1974. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  6. ^ "Table III(a)". Local Government in England and wales. a Guide to the New System. London: HMSO. 1974. pp. 15–109. ISBN 0117508470.
  7. ^ a b "The background to the Mayor of Preston". Preston City Council. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  8. ^ "Preston Municipal Borough / County Borough". A Vision of Britain through Time. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  9. ^ "No. 45079". The London Gazette. 14 April 1970. p. 4187.
  10. ^ a b "The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 1972/2039, retrieved 27 June 2023
  11. ^ "Lancashire Diagram showing Administrative Boundaries, 1969". National Library of Scotland. Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  12. ^ "The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Names) Order 1973", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 1973/551, retrieved 31 May 2023
  13. ^ "District Councils and Boroughs". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 28 March 1974. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  14. ^ "Dissolution of the corporation". Discovery Catalogue. The National Archives. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  15. ^ "Crown Office". London Gazette. 15 May 2002. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  16. ^ "'Proud Preston' wins city status Archived 2007-08-22 at the Wayback Machine", BBC News, 14 March 2002. Retrieved 6 June 2006.
  17. ^ Preston Saint John's Receives 'Minster' Status, Ringing-Online, retrieved 24 August 2011
  18. ^ "Preston welcomes new Mayor". Preston City Council. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  19. ^ "Council minutes, 17 May 2018" (PDF). Preston City Council. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  20. ^ Hodgson, Neil (23 April 2019). "Preston City Council confirms Adrian Phillips as chief executive". The Business Desk. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  21. ^ "Open Council Data UK - compositions councillors parties wards elections". opencouncildata.co.uk.
  22. ^ "Open Council Data UK - compositions councillors parties wards elections". opencouncildata.co.uk.
  23. ^ "Local Government Act 1972", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1972 c. 70, retrieved 31 May 2023
  24. ^ "Election maps". Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  25. ^ "Compositions calculator". The Elections Centre. 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  26. ^ "Preston". BBC News Online. 19 April 2008. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
  27. ^ "Council minutes". Preston City Council. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  28. ^ Hattersley, Roy (24 March 2001). "Prudent policies bring back pride". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  29. ^ de Hoog, Niels; Clarke, Seán; Leach, Anna; Voce, Antonio; Gutiérrez, Pablo; Fischer, Harry; Cousins, Rich; Kirk, Ashley (4 May 2024). "Local elections 2024: full mayoral and council results for England". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  30. ^ Historic England. "Town Hall, Lancaster Road (1207297)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  31. ^ "Contact us". Preston City Council. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  32. ^ "The Preston (Electoral Changes) Order 2018", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 2018/548, retrieved 27 June 2023
  33. ^ Butler's, JJ Sandhams, Greenfields, Mrs Kirkham's, Shorrocks and Carron Lodge, The Lancashire Dairies Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, British Cheese Board, accessed 4 August 2011
  34. ^ EU Protected Food Names Scheme: Beacon Fell traditional Lancashire cheese Archived 22 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, DEFRA, retrieved 4 August 2011
  35. ^ "Extreme Weather". Met Office. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  36. ^ UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Preston Local Authority (1946157097)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  37. ^ Equality, Commission for Racial (1985). "Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement". Commission for Racial Equality: Table 2.1.
  38. ^ Data is taken from United Kingdom Casweb Data services of the United Kingdom 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales (Table 6)
  39. ^ "Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  40. ^ "2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  41. ^ "TS021 - Ethnic group - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  42. ^ "New survey reveals children's deprivation - News". lep.co.uk. 16 October 2008. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  43. ^ "Pope creates new eparchy in Preston for Syro-Malabar Catholics". Catholic Herald. Archived from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  44. ^ "Pope turns ex-Preston church into Indian Catholic cathedral". BBC News. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  45. ^ Census 2001: Statistics. Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 6 June 2006.
  46. ^ "How life has changed in Preston: Census 2021". sveltekit-prerender. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  47. ^ "Honorary Freemen - Preston City Council". www.preston.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
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53°45′32″N 2°41′56″W / 53.759°N 2.699°W / 53.759; -2.699

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يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (نوفمبر 2019) نادي البجادية السعودي الألوان الأحمر و الأبيض و الأخضر المؤسس عبدالرحمن بن داخل تأسس عام 2014 م الملعب الب�...

 

 

François de Callières

François de CallièresFrançois de Callières : De la manière de négocier avec les souverains (1716).FonctionFauteuil 29 de l'Académie française23 décembre 1688 - 4 mars 1717Philippe QuinaultAndré Hercule de FleuryBiographieNaissance 14 mai 1645Torigni-sur-VireDécès 5 mai 1717 (à 71 ans)ParisActivités Diplomate, écrivainPère Jacques de CallièresFratrie Hector de CallièreAutres informationsMembre de Académie française (1688-1717)modifier - modifier le code - modifier...

 

 

Tax residence

Part of a series onTaxation An aspect of fiscal policy Policies Government revenue Property tax equalization Tax revenue Non-tax revenue Tax law Tax bracket Flat tax Tax threshold Exemption Credit Deduction Tax shift Tax cut Tax holiday Tax amnesty Tax advantage Tax incentive Tax reform Tax harmonization Tax competition Tax withholding Double taxation Representation Unions Medical savings account Economics General Theory Price effect Excess burden Tax incidence Laffer curve Optimal tax Theori...

Malaysia–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement

The Malaysia–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement was signed on 26 October 2009 in Kuala Lumpur.[1] Malaysia is New Zealand's eighth-largest export destination, reaching almost 8 billion dollars' worth of exports in 2008. It was ratified by the Parliament of New Zealand on 24 June 2010 and entered into force on 1 August 2010.[2][3] See also New Zealand free trade agreements Free trade agreement Malaysia–New Zealand relations References ^ Malaysia – New Zealand Free ...

 

 

Mold Town Hall

Municipal Building in Mold, Wales Mold Town HallNative name Neuadd y Dref Yr WyddgrugMold Town HallLocationEarl Road, MoldCoordinates53°10′03″N 3°08′36″W / 53.1674°N 3.1432°W / 53.1674; -3.1432Built1912ArchitectFrederick Andrew RobertsArchitectural style(s)Edwardian Baroque style Listed Building – Grade IIOfficial nameTown HallDesignated30 March 1987Reference no.364 Shown in Flintshire Mold Town Hall (Welsh: Neuadd y Dref Yr Wyddgrug) is a municipal ...

 

 

Samrat Chakrabarti

Actor This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Samrat Chakrabarti – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Samrat Chakrabarti...

فينيغار بند

فينيغار بند   الإحداثيات 31°15′50″N 88°20′41″W / 31.2639°N 88.3447°W / 31.2639; -88.3447   [1] تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[2]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة واشنطن  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 24.535502 كيلومتر مربع24.535503 كيلومتر مربع (1 أبريل 2010)  ارتفاع 161 قدم  عدد ا...

 

 

Oil painting

Process of painting with pigments that are bound with a medium of drying oil Oil on canvas redirects here. For the album, see Oil on Canvas. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Oil painting – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ...