Chudasama dynasty

This article is about the dynasty which ruled Saurashtra peninsula of Gujarat, India. For clan name, see Chudasama (disambiguation).

Chudasama dynasty
c. 10th century–1472
CapitalVamanasthali
Junagadh
Religion
Hinduism
GovernmentMonarchy
• c. 9th century
Chudachandra
• c. 10th century
Graharipu
• late 11th century
Navaghana
• early 12th century
Khengara
• 1294–1306
Mandalika I
• 1451–1472
Mandalika III
History 
• Established
c. 10th century
• Disestablished
1472
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Chavda dynasty
Vaghela dynasty
Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate

The Chudasama dynasty, a Samma branch, ruled parts of the present-day Saurashtra region of Gujarat state in India between the 9th and 15th centuries.[1] Their capital was based in Junagadh and Vamanasthali.

The early history of the Chudasama dynasty is almost lost. The bardic legends differ very much in names, order and numbers and so are not considered reliable. Traditionally, the dynasty is said to have been founded in the late 9th century by Chudachandra. Subsequent rulers such as Graharipu, Navaghana and Khengara were in conflict with Chaulukya rulers Mularaja and Jayasimha Siddharaja. Thus they are mentioned in contemporary and later Jain chronicles. After the end of Chaulukya rule and that of their successor Vaghela dynasty, the Chudasamas continued to rule independently or as vassals of the successor states, the Delhi Sultanate and Gujarat Sultanate. The first known Chudasama ruler recorded in inscriptions was Mandalika I, during whose reign Gujarat was invaded by the Khalji dynasty of Delhi. The last king of the dynasty, Mandalika III, was defeated and forcibly converted to Islam in 1472 by Sultan Mahmud Begada, who also annexed the state.[2]

Origin

Main article: Chronology of Chudasama dynasty

The Chudasamas are variously considered to be an offshoot of the Sammas of Sind,[3][4] or of Abhira origin.[5][6]

The origin of the Chudasama to Chudachandra Yadav , a Rajput of the Sama tribe . The ruling dynasty was , therefore called Chudasama.[7]

Several inscriptions link the Chudasamas to the legendary lunar dynasty (or Chandravansh); later inscriptions and the text Mandalika-Nripa-Charita link them to the Yadava family of the Hindu deity Krishna.[8] For example, the inscriptions at Neminath Temple (c. VS 1510/c. 1454 CE) on Girnar describes them as being of Yadava origin.[9]

According to a legend, the father of Ra Chuda (that is, Chudachandra) was a Samma chief of Sindh; his mother was the sister of Wala Ram (c. 875), the last of chiefs of Vamansthali (modern Vanthali), who had earlier served as governors under the king of Vallabhi.[10] Nainsi ri Khyat (17th century) also states that the Chudasamas migrated to Saurashtra from Sindh.[11] The Chudasamas were described as being associated with abhiras and as having close links with the Jadejas chieftains of Kutch, who claimed Rajput descent.[8]

History

class=notpageimage|
Location of the Chudsamas, and neighbouring in South Asia, circa 800 CE.[12]

The Chudasama dynasty were in constant conflict with the Chaulukyas. Hemachandra states that Mularaja of the Chaulukya dynasty fought against Graharipu, the ruler of Junagadh, to protect the pilgrims going to Prabhas Patan.[13]

There are no known inscriptions of the period before Mandalika I. Still, it is certain that they had established their rule in the Saurashtra region before Mularaja came to power in Anahilavada because literary sources tell of battles between Chudasama kings and Chaulukya kings; Mularaja and Jayasimha Siddharaja. A Vanthali inscription records Mandalika, a king whose kingdom was captured by Jagatsimha, a feudatory of Chaulukya king Viradhavala. This Mandalika king must be another Mandalika king mentioned in latter half genealogy. As Viradhavala is known to live in VS 1288, he must be assigned the same date. As another Vanthali inscription date VS 1346, it must have been under the Jagatsimha's family till then. It seems that a later Chudasama king Mandalika regained Vanthali when Chaulukya rule weakened. So the later genealogy starts from him in later inscriptions. The Chudasamas continued to rule till VS 1527 (1472 CE) when they were defeated by Sultan Mahmud Begada. As inscriptions says about their resistance to Gujarat Sultans, it can be said that they were the most powerful dynasty in Saurashtra region at that time.[citation needed]

Coins

Based on historical records, it is known that the coins known as Kodis, Karshapan or Pan, Vishopak, Dram and Rupak were used in Chudasama domains. Eighty Kodis were equal to one Karshapan and sixteen Karshapan were equal to one Dram. One Dram was equal to twenty Vishopak.[14]

Constructions

Uparkot fort rediscovered by Chudasama ruler Graharipu

The Uparkot Fort of Junagadh was occupied by Chudasamas during the reign of Graharipu. Later it is said to have been rebuilt by Navaghana who had transferred his capital from Vamanasthali to Junagadh. He is also attributed with the constructions of Navghan Kuvo and Adi Kadi Vav, a well and a stepwell respectively, in the fort. His descendant Khengara is attributed with a stepwell, Ra Khengar Vav, on the way to Vanthali from Junagadh though it was built by Tejapala, the minister in the Vaghela court.[15]

References

History of Gujarat
Stone Age (before 4000 BCE)
Stone Age(before 4000 BCE)
Chalcolithic to Bronze Age (4000–1300 BCE)
Chalcolithic Gujarat
 – Anarta tradition(c. 3950–1900 BCE)
 – Padri Ware (3600–2000 BCE)
 – Pre-Prabhas Assemblage(3200–2600 BCE)
 – Pre Urban Harappan Sindh Type Pottery (3000–2600 BCE)
 – Black and Red Ware (3950–900 BCE)
 – Reserved Slip Ware(3950–1900 BCE)
 – Micaceous Red Ware(2600–1600 BCE)
 – Malwa Ware
 – Jorwe Ware
Indus Valley Civilisation(3300–1300 BCE)
 – Early Harappan(3300–2600 BCE)
 – Mature Harappan(2600–1900 BCE)
 – Late Harappan(1900–1300 BCE)
Late cultures(2200–1700 BCE)
 – Prabhas Assemblage(2200–1700 BCE)
 – Lustrous Red Ware (1900–1300 BCE)
Vedic Civilisation(2000–500 BCE)
Iron Age (1500–300 BCE)
Vedic Civilisation(2000–500 BCE)
 – Janapadas (1500–600 BCE)
 – Black and Red Ware(1300–1000 BCE)
 – Painted Grey Ware (1200–600 BCE)
Maha Janapadas (600–300 BCE)
Epic India (1700–300 BCE)
 –Abhira kingdom
 –Anarta kingdom
 –Dwaraka kingdom
 –Sindhu kingdom
 –Saurashtra kingdom
Classical period (380 BCE – 1299 CE)
Nanda Empire (380–321 BCE)
Maurya Empire (321–184 BCE)
Indo-Scythians (312 BCE − 400 CE)
 –Western Satraps (c. 119 – 405 CE)
Vakataka dynasty(c. 250 – c. 500 CE)
Kushan Empire (30 – 375 CE)
Traikutaka dynasty (388 – 454 CE)
Gupta Empire (405 – c. 730 CE)
Maitraka (475 – 767 CE)
Saindhava(c. 725 – c. 950 CE)
Gurjaras of Lata(c. 580 – c. 738 CE)
Chalukyas of Navasarika (c. 660 – c. 739 CE)
Empire of Harsha( 7th century)
Gurjara-Pratihara (c. 730 – c. 960 CE)
Chavda dynasty (c. 690 – c. 940 CE)
Chudasama dynasty (c. 875 – 1472 CE)
Rashtrakuta dynasty(8–9th century)
Paramara dynasty (9–10th century)
Western Chalukya(9–10th century)
Chalukyas of Lata (c. 970 – c. 1070 CE)
Chaulukya dynasty (c. 940 – 1243 CE)
Vaghela dynasty (1243–1299 CE)
Medieval and early modern periods (1299–1819)
Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate (1298–1407)
 – Khalji Sultanate (1298–1320)
 – Tughlaq Sultanate (1320–1407)
Gujarat Sultanate (1407–1573)
Mughal Gujarat (1573–1756)
Maratha Empire (1756–1819)
 –Peshwa
 –Gaekwad
Cutch State(1365–1947)
Colonial period (1819–1961)
Portuguese India(1534–1961)
Company Raj (1819–1858)
British Raj (1858–1947)
 –Princely states(till 1948)
 –Residencies (1819–1947)
 –Agencies of British India(1819–1947)
 –Bombay Presidency(1618–1947)
Post-independence (1947–)
Saurashtra State (1948–1956)
Kutch State (1947–1956)
Bombay State (1947–1960)
Gujarat (1960–)
  1. ^ Sheikh, Samira (2009). "Pastoralism, Trade, and Settlement in Saurashtra and Kachchh". Forging a region: sultans, traders, and pilgrims in Gujarat, 1200-1500. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–128. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198060192.003.0004. ISBN 9780198060192.
  2. ^ Gupta, R. K.; Bakshi, S. R., eds. (2008). Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages: Marwar and British Administration. Vol. 5. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-8-17625-841-8. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
  3. ^ Kapadia, Aparna (16 May 2018). Gujarat: The Long Fifteenth Century and the Making of a Region. Cambridge University Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-107-15331-8. Retrieved 24 June 2021. The Chudasamas were a branch of the Samma lineage that acquired the principality of Vanthali from the local ruler.
  4. ^ Gujarat. Popular Prakashan. 2003. p. 1174. ISBN 978-81-7991-106-8.
  5. ^ Congress, Indian History (1953). The Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. p. 95.
  6. ^ Rajan, K. V. Soundara (1985). Junagadh. Archaeological Survey of India.
  7. ^ Chaube, J. (1975). History of Gujarat Kingdom, 1458-1537. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-88386-573-6.
  8. ^ a b Aparna Kapadia (2018). Gujarat: The Long Fifteenth Century and the Making of a Region. Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-1-107-15331-8.
  9. ^ Parikh, Rasiklal Chhotalal; Shastri, Hariprasad Gangashankar, eds. (1977). ગુજરાતનો રાજકીય અને સાંસ્કૃતિક ઇતિહાસ: સલ્તનત કાલ [Political and Cultural History of Gujarat: Sultanate Era]. Research Series - Book No. 71 (in Gujarati). Vol. V. Ahmedabad: Bholabhai Jeshingbhai Institute of Learning and Research. p. 157.
  10. ^ Harald Tambs-Lyche (1997). Power, Profit, and Poetry: Traditional Society in Kathiawar, Western India. Manohar. p. 31. ISBN 978-81-7304-176-1.
  11. ^ Tanuja Kothiyal (2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert. Cambridge University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-107-08031-7.
  12. ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (e). ISBN 0226742210.
  13. ^ Thapar, Romila (2004). Somanatha. Penguin Books. p. 108. ISBN 9780143064688.
  14. ^ Gazetteers: Junagadh. Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications. 1975. p. 467.
  15. ^ Jutta Jain-Neubauer (1981). The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective. Abhinav Publications. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-391-02284-3.