Chrysothrix chlorina

Chrysothrix chlorina
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Arthoniomycetes
Order: Arthoniales
Family: Chrysotrichaceae
Genus: Chrysothrix
Species:
C. chlorina
Binomial name
Chrysothrix chlorina
(Ach.) J.R.Laundon (1981)
Synonyms[1][2]
List
  • Lichen chlorinus Ach. (1799)
  • Lepraria chlorina (Ach.) Ach. (1799)
  • Pulveraria chlorina (Ach.) Ach. (1803)
  • Lepra chlorina (Ach.) DC. (1805)
  • Byssus chlorina (Ach.) Wahlenb. (1826)
  • Alysphaeria chlorina (Ach.) Turpin (1827)
  • Trachylia chlorina (Ach.) Rabenh. (1845)
  • Calicium chlorinum (Ach.) Schaer. (1850)
  • Cyphelium chlorinum (Ach.) Kremp. (1861)
  • Coniocybe chlorina (Ach.) Rabenh. (1870)
  • Crocynia chlorina (Ach.) Hue (1924)
  • Caliciella corynella var. chlorina (Ach.) Räsänen (1939)
  • Farinaria sparsa Sowerby (1803)

Chrysothrix chlorina, the sulphur dust lichen, is a species of leprose (powdery) crustose lichen in the family Chrysotrichaceae.[3] Originally described scientifically by the Swedish lichenologist Erik Acharius over 200 years ago, it has been shuffled to many different genera in its taxonomic history before finally being transferred to Chrysothrix in 1981. The lichen has a circumboreal distribution, meaning it occurs in northern boreal regions across the planet. It is typically saxicolous (rock-dwelling), particularly on the underside of rock overhangs, but has in rare instances been recorded growing on bark and various other surfaces.

The lichen thallus is a yellow to yellow-green layer of fungi and green algae that are bundled together in powdery clumps called soredia. It lacks apothecia and pycnidia, which are reproductive structures found in many other lichens. Chrysothrix chlorina resembles several other lichen species but can be differentiated based on chemical composition and morphological characteristics. Historical confusions and misidentifications have occurred, especially with species such as Chrysothrix candelaris and Psilolechia lucida. In India, Chrysothrix chlorina is used for dyeing, and 19th-century studies in Sweden revealed it could be used to produce 14 distinct colours.

Taxonomic history

Originally described by Swedish lichenologist Erik Acharius in 1799, Chrysothrix chlorina was first named Lepraria chlorina. Acharius's Latin diagnosis (crustaceus pulverulentus sublanuginosus pulvinato conglomeratus mollis flavissimus) characterized the lichen as crusty, powdery, slightly woolly, cushioned, clustered, soft, and very yellow.[4] The species epithet chlorina is derived from the Latin word chlorinus, meaning yellow-green.[5]

In Lichenographia Britannica (1839), Dawson Turner and William Borrer praised the lichen, highlighting its elegant appearance. They likened it to a "beautifully" branched Conferva (a genus of algae) dusted with a fine yellow powder. They noted that when scraped from rocks, the yellow propagules remained stuck together in cushion-like masses, which floated on water and resisted submersion. The texture of the lichen, they said, was soft and easily marred by touch.[6]

The species underwent numerous taxonomic shifts, having been proposed for or transferred to different genera throughout its history.[1] It was finally transferred to the genus Chrysothrix by the British lichenologist Jack Laundon in his 1981 monograph. Laundon drew parallels between C. chlorina and C. candelaris based on their similar coarse, yellow thallus appearance. Unlike C. candelaris however, C. chlorina is distinct in its sterile condition, meaning it does not produce sexual reproductive structures such as apothecia. This absence of sexual features poses challenges in its classification, as these structures often provide critical characters used to distinguish between closely related lichen species.[5]

In 1803, James Sowerby introduced Farinaria sparsa as a new species. This yellow fungus, found growing on the underside of the Lanyon Quoit, a dolmen in Cornwall, England, was illustrated in his work Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms.[7] In 1959, Elke Mackenzie highlighted Rolf Santesson's belief that this taxon likely referred to C. candelaris.[2] By 2008, several taxa had been identified as synonymous with Chrysothrix chlorina.[8] In 2013, the lichenologists Kerry Knudsen and Frank Bungartz expressed concerns regarding the consistent classification of C. candelaris, suggesting it remains a heterogenous species and is often misidentified, particularly in Europe and North America.[9]

Vernacular names for Chrysothrix chlorina in North America include "sulphur dust lichen",[10] "greenish gold dust",[11] and "lime dust".[12] In the United Kingdom, it has been called the "brimstone-coloured lepraria".[13]

Description

Closeup of an areolate surface texture; scale bar = 5 mm

Chrysothrix chlorina is characterised by its crustaceous and leprose (powdery) thallus. It typically forms a continuous thallus, ranging from non-areolate to strongly areolate, that is yellow to yellow-green in colour. This crust comprises pulverulent (powdery) granules with diameters between 0.1 and 0.2 mm, and can be up to about 1 mm thick. These granules, known as soredia (a type of reproductive propagule), consist of algal cells encased in fungal hyphae. The species does not have a thallus margin or a prothallus, and is devoid of apothecia (sexual reproductive structures) and pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures).[5]

The symbiotic photobiont in Chrysothrix chlorina belongs to the genus Chlorella, which comprises single-celled green algae.[14] These algal cells are up to 15 μm in diameter,[15] while the fungal hyphae have a diameter of 2–4 μm.[5]

Chemistry

Chrysothrix chlorina contains a suite of lichen products, including calycin, leprapinic acid, vulpinic acid,[16] zeorin, and trace amounts of pulvinic acid and unidentified terpenoids.[15] These chemical signatures help differentiate it from other similar sterile lichens that lack distinct features. Historically, Laundon identified these pigments using microcrystal tests,[5] but contemporary analyses prefer more sensitive methods like thin-layer chromatography. Standard chemical spot tests on the thallus typically yield results of C−, K± (faint orange), KC± (red), Pd−, and UV+ (orange).[17]

While Laundon's 1981 study suggested the lichen possessed a single chemotype containing calycin and vulpinic acid,[5] subsequent research indicates greater chemical variability. For instance, Tor Tønsberg consistently identified pulvinic acid and zeorin in samples collected from both rock and bark. Moreover, lichen samples from Antarctica presented a unique chemotype, consisting solely of vulpinic acid—a composition not reported in other regions.[18]

Similar species

gold dust lichen, Chrysothrix candelaris
Psilolechia lucida

Chrysothrix chlorina closely resembles several species, including C. candelaris and sterile forms of Psilolechia lucida. Distinctions can be drawn from their chemical compositions and thallus features. For instance, C. chlorina consistently contains vulpinic acid, which is absent from C. candelaris. Meanwhile, Psilolechia lucida features a yellowish-green, powdery thallus that appears less vibrant than that of C. chlorina, attributed to the presence of rhizocarpic acid. Chemical tests are essential for accurately distinguishing challenging specimens.[5]

Historically, some authors mistakenly identified Chrysothrix chlorina as the thallus of a Calicium species, resulting in the erroneous use of the name Calicium chlorinum. This confusion likely arose when specimens of Calicium chlorinum became overgrown by Chrysothrix chlorina, a situation also observed to occur with C. candelaris.[5]

Chrysothrix chlorina is differentiated from a similar species, C. onokoensis, by its unique chemical profile, particularly the presence of calycin, vulpinic acid, and zeorin, while the latter may contain leprapinic acid. Morphologically, Chrysothrix chlorina tends to have densely-packed granules that form a compact crust. This crust, especially in Eastern North American specimens, does not have a significant bicolouration in cross-section and often lacks a clear rhizohyphae layer. However, the crust's lower regions might appear slightly lighter in tone.[19]

Another Eastern North American lookalike, Chrysothrix susquehannensis, differs chemically from C. chlorina in producing lecanoric acid together with rhizocarpic acid and epanorin as lichen products. Morphologically, it has a thinner crust, grows on different substrates, such as moss cushions and pockets of soil or organic matter on shaded vertical rock outcrops, and is only known to occur in Pennsylvania, USA.[20]

Habitat, distribution, and ecology

Rock overhangs are a typical habitat for C. chlorina.

Chrysothrix chlorina has a circumboreal distribution. It predominantly thrives within the boreal forest zones of Europe, spanning from northern Italy to Scandinavia. Its presence is also noted in the Himalayas and North America, where it favours shaded, dry locales under rock overhangs and crevices. On occasion, it extends to mosses and other lichens.[5] In eastern North America, it has a northerly distribution, with documented collections reaching as far north as Lake Nipigon, Ontario, and Vermont.[19] Additional records indicate occurrences in Macaronesia, Antarctica,[17] and the Russian Arctic.[21] A specimen from the Tehri Garhwal district of Uttar Pradesh, India, was collected at an altitude of 3,350 m (10,990 ft).[5]

Chrysothrix chlorina prefers shaded environments and avoids areas with high nitrogen levels, such as near bird colonies. Its preference for shaded locations is more so than Lepraria incana, another prevalent dust lichen. Although C. chlorina infrequently grows on bark, it opts for the notably acidic trunks of conifers when it does. Instances of this lichen on man-made surfaces are rare.[5] In Estonia, it is exclusive to ancient forests and is typically found on Norway spruce. Consequently, it is proposed as an indicator of prolonged forest continuity in coniferous settings.[22] A study in the Suruli watershed of the Southern Western Ghats documented Chrysothrix chlorina on various substrates: bark, rock, wood, leaves, moss, and ground.[23] The lichen primarily settles on rocks, especially within protected microenvironments of non-limestone talus and cliff regions. Such locales provide adequate illumination, sustain humidity, and offer protection against excessive moisture.[24]

A novel four-segmented dsRNA virus was detected in Chrysothrix chlorina. This virus, named Chrysothrix chrysovirus 1 (CcCV1), is related to those found in the genus Alphachrysovirus, with some phylogenetic similarity to chrysoviruses that occur in filamentous ascomycetous fungi. It is one of the first mycoviruses identified from a lichen.[25] Marchandiomyces corallinum is a lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus that has been reported to grow on C. chlorina.[26]

Evidence suggests that pulvinic acid derivatives serve a protective role for the lichen, deterring specific herbivores and exhibiting antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria.[27]

Uses

In the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India, Chrysothrix chlorina is used as a dyeing agent.[28] In the early 19th century, the Swedish physician and naturalist Johan Peter Westring (1753–1833) conducted research on the dyeing potential of various lichens, documenting his findings in 1805.[29] Among the lichens he investigated was one referred to as Flock-laf, or "mustard powder lichen", then known scientifically as Pulveraria chlorina.[30] Westring's experiments with this lichen yielded a spectrum of 14 distinct colours, ranging from pale yellow and spanning green, blue, red, brown, culminating in an almost black hue.[6]

References

  1. ^ a b "Synonymy. Current Name: Chrysothrix chlorina (Ach.) J.R. Laundon, Lichenologist 13(2): 106 (1981)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  2. ^ a b Wade, A.E. (1959). "Lepararia chlorina Ach. in Britain". The Lichenologist. 1 (2): 86. doi:10.1017/s0024282959000172.
  3. ^ "Chrysothrix chlorina (Ach.) J.R. Laundon". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  4. ^ Acharius, Erik (1799). Lichenographiae Sueciae Prodromus (in Latin). Linkoping: D.G. Björn. p. 6.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Laundon, J.R. (1981). "The species of Chrysothrix". The Lichenologist. 13 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1017/s0024282981000169.
  6. ^ a b Turner, Dawson; William, Borrer (1839). Specimen of a Lichenographia Britannica: Or Attempt at a History of the British Lichens. Yarmouth: C. Sloman. pp. 11–12.
  7. ^ Sowerby, J. (1803). Coloured Figures of English Fungi. Vol. 3. London: J. Davis. table 380.
  8. ^ Laundon, Jack Rodney (2008). "Some synonyms in Chrysothrix and Lepraria". The Lichenologist. 40 (5): 411–414. doi:10.1017/s0024282908007238.
  9. ^ Knudsen, Kerry; Bungartz, Frank (2013). "Chrysothrix galapagoana, a new species from the Galapagos Islands". Opuscula Philolichenum. 12: 174–179.
  10. ^ Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). Lichens of North America. New Haven, Conn. [u.a.]: Yale University Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0300082494.
  11. ^ Klinkenberg, Brian, ed. (2020). "Chrysothrix chlorina (Ach.) J.R. Laundon". E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia.
  12. ^ Qian, Hong; Klinka, Karel (1998). Plants of British Columbia. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. pp. 222, 492. ISBN 978-0-7748-0652-7.
  13. ^ Jarvis, Peter (2019). The Pelagic Dictionary of Natural History of the British Isles. Exeter: Pelagic Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78427-194-7.
  14. ^ Tschermak-Woess, Elisabeth (1988). "The Algal Partner". In Galun, Margalith (ed.). CRC Handbook of Lichenology. Vol. 1. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-429-29178-4.
  15. ^ a b Tønsberg, T. (1992). The sorediate and isidiate, corticolous, crustose lichens in Norway. Sommerfeltia. Vol. 14. p. 129. ISBN 82-7420-015-2.
  16. ^ Hauck, Markus; Jürgens, Sascha-René; Willenbruch, Karen; Huneck, Siegfried; Leuschner, Christoph (2008). "Dissociation and metal-binding characteristics of yellow lichen substances suggest a relationship with site preferences of lichens". Annals of Botany. 103 (1): 13–22. doi:10.1093/aob/mcn202. PMC 2707280. PMID 18977765.
  17. ^ a b Fletcher, A.; Purvis, O.W. (2009). "Chrysothrix Mont. (1852)". In Smith, C.W.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B.J.; Fletcher, F.; Gilbert, O.L.; James, P.W.; Wolselely, P.A. (eds.). The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland (2nd ed.). London: The Natural History Museum. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-9540418-8-5.
  18. ^ Øvstedal, D.O.; Lewis Smith, R.I. (2001). Lichens of Antarctica and South Georgia. A Guide to Their Identification and Ecology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-521-66241-3.
  19. ^ a b Harris, R.C.; Ladd, D. (2008). "The lichen genus Chrysothrix in the Ozark Ecoregion including a preliminary treatment for eastern and central North America". Opuscula Philolichenum. 5: 29–42.
  20. ^ Lendemer, J.C.; Elix, J.A. (2010). "Two new species of Chrysothrix from eastern North America". Opuscula Philolichenum. 8: 51–58.
  21. ^ Andreev, Mikhail; Kotlov, Yuri; Makarova, Irina (1996). "Checklist of lichens and lichenicolous fungi of the Russian Arctic". The Bryologist. 99 (2): 137–169 [143]. doi:10.2307/3244545. JSTOR 3244545.
  22. ^ Marmor, L.; Tõrra, T.; Saag, L.; Randlane, T. (2011). "Effects of forest continuity and tree age on epiphytic lichen biota in coniferous forests in Estonia". Ecological Indicators. 11 (5): 1270–1276. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.01.009.
  23. ^ Rajaprabu, N; Ponmurugan, P (2022). "Phorophyte specificity of lichen community, with ecological taxation in Suruli watershed, Southern Western Ghats". Asian Journal of Conservation Biology. 11 (1): 66–76. doi:10.53562/ajcb.69756.
  24. ^ Lewis, Christopher J.; Brinkler, Samuel R. (2017). "Notes on new and interesting lichens from Ontario, Canada – III". Opuscula Philolichenum. 16: 153–187 [157].
  25. ^ Petrzik, Karel; Koloniuk, Igor; Sehadová, Hana; Sarkisova, Tatiana (2019). "Chrysoviruses inhabited symbiotic fungi of lichens". Viruses. 11 (12): 1120. doi:10.3390/v11121120. PMC 6949994. PMID 31817044.
  26. ^ Alstrup, Vagn (1992). "Weddellomyces aspiciliicola, a new lichenicolous fungus found in Czechoslovakia". Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica. 27 (2): 185–187. doi:10.1007/bf02856250.
  27. ^ Antane, Schuyler; Caufield, Craig E.; Hu, William; Keeney, David; Labthavikul, Pornpen; Morris, Koi; Naughton, Shaughnessy M.; Petersen, Peter J.; Rasmussen, Beth A.; Singh, Guy; Yang, Youjun (2006). "Pulvinones as bacterial cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 16 (1): 176–180. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.09.021. PMID 16216496.
  28. ^ Sutar, Ruchira R.; Gaikwad, Subhash B.; Mapari, Sachin V.; Behera, Bhaskar C. (2021). "Lichens: traditional use and biological activities". Botanica Pacifica. 10 (2): 69–82 [70]. doi:10.17581/bp.2021.10202.
  29. ^ Westring, J.P. Svenska Lafvarnas Färghistoria, eller Sättet att Använda dem till Färgning och Annan Hushållsnytta; Carl Delén: Stockholm, Sweden, 1805
  30. ^ Hansen, Vivika (22 August 2022). "Dyeing with lichens". The IK Foundation & Company. Retrieved 21 October 2023.

Read other articles:

Pertempuran Khafji

Pertempuran KhafjiBagian dari Perang TelukPeta yang menggambarkan operasi militer selama Pertempuran Khafji.Tanggal29 Januari – 1 Februari 1991(3 hari)LokasiKhafji, Provinsi Timur, Arab Saudi28°25′N 48°30′E / 28.417°N 48.500°E / 28.417; 48.500Koordinat: 28°25′N 48°30′E / 28.417°N 48.500°E / 28.417; 48.500Hasil Kemenangan koalisi; Khafji direbut oleh tentara Irak tetapi dibebaskan oleh koalisi dua hari kemudianPihak terlibat...

 

 

Barel Mouko

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Barel Mouko Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Barel Morial MoukoTanggal lahir 5 April 1979 (umur 44)Tempat lahir Pointe-Noire, Republik KongoTinggi 1,77 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)Posisi bermain Penjaga gawangInformasi klubKlub saat ini Li...

 

 

Georges Darien

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Darien. Georges DarienBiographieNaissance 6 avril 18627e arrondissement de ParisDécès 19 août 1921 (à 59 ans)6e arrondissement de ParisSépulture Cimetière parisien de BagneuxNom de naissance Georges Hippolyte AdrienNationalité françaiseActivités Écrivain, romancier, dramaturge, anarchisteAutres informationsDistinction Prix des bouquinistes (1955)Archives conservées par Archives nationales (15AR)[1]Œuvres principales Le Voleurmodifier - modif...

Ahmad Shah dari Pahang

Ahmad ShahAl-Musta'in Billah Yang di-Pertuan Agong Malaysia Ke-7 سلطان حاج أحمد شاه المستعين بالله إبن المرحوم سلطان أبو بكر رعاية الدين المعظم شاهYang di-Pertuan Agong Ke-7Berkuasa29 Maret 1979 – 25 April 1984PendahuluSultan Yahya Petra Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan IbrahimPenerusBaginda Al Mutawakkil Alallah Sultan Mahmud Iskandar Al Haj Ibni Al Marhum Sultan Sir Ismail Al KhalidiSultan Pahang Modern Ke-5Berkuasa7 May 1974 - 15 J...

 

 

Первородный грех

Об экономическом термине см. Первородный грех (экономика). ХристианствоБиблия Ветхий Завет Новый Завет Евангелие Десять заповедей Нагорная проповедь Апокрифы Бог, Троица Бог Отец Иисус Христос Святой Дух История христианства Апостолы Хронология христианства Ран�...

 

 

الدوري الكرواتي الممتاز 1998–99

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (نوفمبر 2019) الدوري الكرواتي الممتاز 1998–99 تفاصيل الموسم الدوري الكرواتي الممتاز  النسخة 8  البلد كرواتيا  الت...

Michigan State University Vietnam Advisory Group

The Michigan State University Vietnam Advisory Group (commonly known as the Michigan State University Group and abbreviated MSUG) was a program of technical assistance provided to the government of South Vietnam as an effort in state-building by the US Department of State.[1] From 1955 to 1962, under contract to the International Cooperation Administration in Washington and the Vietnamese government in Saigon, faculty and staff from Michigan State University consulted for agencies of ...

 

 

趙家驤

追晉陸軍二級上將趙家驤將軍个人资料出生1910年 大清河南省衛輝府汲縣逝世1958年8月23日(1958歲—08—23)（47—48歲） † 中華民國福建省金門縣国籍 中華民國政党 中國國民黨获奖 青天白日勳章（追贈）军事背景效忠 中華民國服役 國民革命軍 中華民國陸軍服役时间1924年－1958年军衔 二級上將 （追晉）部队四十七師指挥東北剿匪總司令部參謀長陸軍�...

 

 

Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung

1964 book of statements by Mao Zedong Little Red Book redirects here. For other uses, see Little Red Book (disambiguation). Quotations fromChairman Mao Tse-tungLittle Red Book 1993 centenary reprint of the 1966 bilingual edition, published by the People's Republic of China Printing OfficeEditorPeople's Liberation Army DailyAuthorMao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)Hou Bo (photographer)Original title毛主席语录; Máo Zhǔxí YǔlùTranslatorCentral Compilation and Translation BureauCountryPeople...

Перуанский анчоус

Перуанский анчоус Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеГруппа:Костные рыбыКласс:Лучепёрые рыбыПодкласс:Новопёрые �...

 

 

Перуанский анчоус

Перуанский анчоус Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеГруппа:Костные рыбыКласс:Лучепёрые рыбыПодкласс:Новопёрые �...

 

 

Eurydice

Figure in Greek mythology For other uses, see Eurydice (Greek myth) and Eurydice (disambiguation). This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Wounded Eurydice, 1868/70, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago Greek deitiesseries Primordial deities Titans and Olympians Water ...

Голубянки

Голубянки Самец голубянки икар Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ПервичноротыеБез ранга:ЛиняющиеБез ранга:PanarthropodaТип:ЧленистоногиеПодтип:ТрахейнодышащиеНадкласс:ШестиногиеКласс...

 

 

Duca di York

Duca di YorkCorona araldica StemmaStemma del principe Andrea, attuale duca di York ParìaParia d'InghilterraParìa di Gran BretagnaParìa del Regno Unito Data di creazione1385 (prima creazione) Creato daEdoardo III d'Inghilterra Primo detentoreEdmondo Plantageneto Attuale detentoreAndrea, duca di York Cronologia1385 (I creazione)1474 (II creazione)1494 (III creazione)1605 (IV creazione)1644 (V creazione)1892 (VI creazione)1920 (VII creazione)1986 (VIII creazione) Trasmissioneal primogenito ma...

 

 

Little Loomhouse

Historic house in Kentucky, United States United States historic placeLittle LoomhousesU.S. National Register of Historic Places Wisteria CabinShow map of KentuckyShow map of the United StatesLocationLouisville, KentuckyCoordinates38°9′27.71″N 85°46′14.62″W / 38.1576972°N 85.7707278°W / 38.1576972; -85.7707278Built1870NRHP reference No.75000770[1]Added to NRHPJune 30, 1975 The Little Loomhouse is a place on the National Register of Histori...

Légume

Pour le fruit sec des légumineuses appelé légume, voir gousse. Étal de légumes variés Légumes cultivés dans un jardin potager Un légume est la plante ou la partie d'une plante comestible d'une espèce potagère[1]. Cette définition, reprise par la plupart des dictionnaires de langue française, peut être étendue aux champignons comestibles, dont certains sont cultivés (champignon de Paris, shiitaké, etc.) et à certaines algues, dont la consommation est la plus développé...

 

 

Wife of a Spy

Wife of a SpyPoster rilis teatrikal JepangJepangスパイの妻HepburnSupai no tsuma GenreDrama sejarahDrama romanSkenarioRyūsuke HamaguchiTadashi NoharaKiyoshi KurosawaSutradaraKiyoshi KurosawaPemeran Yū Aoi Issey Takahashi Penata musikRyosuke NagaokaNegara asalJepangBahasa asliJepangProduksiProduser eksekutifKei ShinoharaKeisuke DobashiTakashi SawadaHideyuki OkamotoSatoshi TakadaKubota OsamuProduserAkihisa YamamotoSinematografiTetsunosuke SasakiPenyuntingLee HidemiDurasi115 menitRu...

 

 

Ciborium

Cet article est une ébauche concernant l’architecture ou l’urbanisme. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Le ciborium de la collégiale Saint-Salvi d'Albi. Un ciborium ou symborium est une construction, parfois un objet mobilier, destinée à protéger et mettre en valeur un autel, un reliquaire ou, spécifiquement, l'armoire où est déposé le ciboire. Le ciborium affecte généralement la for...

Curling aux Jeux olympiques

Curling aux Jeux olympiques Généralités Sport Curling 1re apparition Chamonix, 1924 Organisateur(s) CIO Éditions 8 (en 2022) Périodicité Tous les 4 ans Nations 17 Épreuves 3 (en 2022) Palmarès Tenant du titre États-Unis Suède(x) Italie Plus titré(s) Anna Le Moine (2) Cathrine Lindahl (2) Eva Lund (2) Anette Norberg (2) Kaitlyn Lawes (2) Plus médaillés 9 athlètes avec 2 médailles Meilleure nation Canada(6 titres et 10 médailles) Pour la dernière compétition voir : ...

 

 

Battle of Modder River

1899 battle of the Second Boer War This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Battle of Modder River – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Battle of Modder RiverPart of Second Boer WarBattle of Modder River, November 28, 1899. Bacon's S...