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Chidambaram Subramaniam
Chidambaram Subramaniam
	Subramaniam in September 1995
Minister of Agriculture
	In office; 1964–1966
Prime Minister	Lal Bahadur Shastri
Preceded by	Swaran Singh
Succeeded by	Jagjivan Ram
Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission
	In office; 2 May 1971 – 22 July 1972
Prime Minister	Indira Gandhi
Preceded by	D. R. Gadgil
Succeeded by	Durga Prasad Dhar
Minister of Finance
	In office; 1975–1977
Prime Minister	Indira Gandhi
Preceded by	Yashwantrao Chavan
Succeeded by	Haribhai M. Patel
Minister of Defence
	In office; 28 July 1979 – 14 January 1980
Prime Minister	Charan Singh
Preceded by	Jagjivan Ram
Succeeded by	Indira Gandhi
Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
	In office; 2 May 1971 - 10 October 1974
Prime Minister	Indira Gandhi
Preceded by	Ministry created
Governor of Maharashtra
	In office; 15 February 1990 – 9 January 1993
Preceded by	Kasu Brahmananda Reddy
Succeeded by	P. C. Alexander
Personal details
Born	30 January 1910
Died	7 November 2000 (aged 90)
Political party	Indian National Congress (Urs)
Alma mater	University of Madras
Awards	Bharat Ratna (1998)

Chidambaram Subramaniam (commonly known as CS) (30 January 1910 – 7 November 2000), was an Indian politician and independence activist. He served as Minister of Finance and Minister of Defence in the union cabinet. He later served as the Governor of Maharashtra. As the Minister for Food and Agriculture, he ushered the Indian Green Revolution, an era of self-sufficiency in food production along with M. S. Swaminathan, B. Sivaraman and Norman E. Borlaug.^[1] He was awarded Bharat Ratna, Indian's highest civilian award, in 1998, for his role in ushering Green Revolution.

Early life and education

Subramaniam was born in Senguttaipalayam a village near Pollachi in Coimbatore district, Presidency of Fort St. George (now the Tamil Nadu state).^[2] Subramaniam completed his early education in Pollachi before moving to Chennai where he did his B.Sc in Physics at the Presidency College, Chennai (affiliated to the University of Madras). Later he graduated with degree in law from Madras Law college, Chennai (then affiliated to the same university). During his college days, he started Vanamalar Sangam and published a magazine called Pithan from Gobichettipalayam along with Periyasaamy Thooran, K. M. Ramasami Gounder, O. V. Alagesan and Justice Palanisami.^[3] His inspiration was his uncle Swami Chidbhavananda.

Political career

Early years

Subramaniam was an active member of the Civil disobedience movement against the British during his college days. He was imprisoned during the Quit India Movement in 1942.^[2] He was later elected to the Constituent Assembly and had a hand in the framing of the Constitution of India. He was a minister of Education, Law and Finance for Madras State from 1952 to 1962 under chief ministers Rajaji and K. Kamaraj. He was the First Leader of the House in the Madras Legislative Assembly for the entire duration. He was elected to the Lok Sabha in 1962 and was the Minister for Steel and Mines. Subsequently, he served as the Minister for Food and Agriculture. He also worked as the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission from 2 May 1971 to 22 July 1972.

Green Revolution

Along with M. S. Swaminathan and B. Sivaraman, Subramaniam was the architect of India's modern agricultural development policy, after the success of his programme which led to a record production of wheat in 1972 termed as the Indian Green Revolution. As Minister for Food and Agriculture, he introduced high-yielding varieties of seeds and more intensive application of fertilizers which paved the way for increased output of cereals and attainment of self-sufficiency in food-grains in the country. About his contribution, Dr. Norman E. Borlaug, writes:^[1]

The vision and influence of Mr. Subramaniam in bringing about agricultural change and in the very necessary political decisions needed to make the new approach effective, should never be under-emphasized. The groundwork for this advance (in the production of wheat) was solidly laid during that period (1964–67) when Mr. Subramaniam was the guiding political force instituting change.

He appointed M. S. Swaminathan, who played a major role in green revolution and Verghese Kurien as the chairman of National Dairy Development Board when he ushered the Indian White Revolution. Kurien says, that the key role played by Subramaniam in the whole thing (Operation Flood) is hardly mentioned. He founded the National Agro Foundation, Chennai and Bharathidasan Institute of Management, Tiruchirappalli.^[4]

Finance ministry and emergency

When the Indian National Congress split in 1969, he became the interim president of the Congress (R) faction led by Indira Gandhi. Later, he was appointed Minister of Finance in the union cabinet by Indira Gandhi. He advised her to devalue Indian rupee and was the finance minister during the Emergency in 1976.^[3] After the Emergency, he parted ways with Indira and joined the breakaway Congress faction led by Devraj Urs and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy.

Later years

He was appointed the union Minister of Defence by Charan Singh in 1979. He became the Governor of Maharashtra in 1990. He resigned after his criticism of the style of functioning of the then Indian Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao.^[5]

Subramaniam died on 7 November 2000 at the age of 90 in Chennai.^[6] At his death, he was the last surviving cabinet minister who had served under Jawaharlal Nehru, as well as the last surviving cabinet minister from the Shastri and Nanda cabinets.

Awards

Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honor, 1998^[7]
Y. B. Chavan National Integration Award^[8]
U Thant peace award, 1996
Norman Borlaug award, 1996^[2]
Anuvrat award, 1988^[1]

Publications

The New Strategy in Indian Agriculture
Some Countries which I visited Round The World
The India of My Dreams

Legacy

A commemorative coin in his honour, was released by the Government of India in August 2010.^[9] A commemorative postage stamp was also released in his honour in 2010.

Shri Chidambaram Subramaniam Award - For Excellence in Character has been instituted by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavans which is awarded to its students annually.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "C. Subramaniam, bio data". Rajbhavan, Maharashra state, India. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c "CS ushered in Green Revolution". The Hindu. India. 8 November 2000. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
^ ^a ^b "A visionary and a statesman". Frontline. India. 20 March 1998. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
^ "More light on personal facets of C. Subramaniam". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 31 October 2010. Archived from the original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
^ "C Subramaniam resigns".
^ Dugger, Celia W. (10 November 2000). "Chidambaram Subramaniam, India's 'Green' Rebel, 90, Dies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
^ "C.Subramaniam awarded Bharat Ratna". Rediff. 18 February 1998. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
^ "C Subramaniam passes away". Business Line. India. 8 November 2000. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
^ "Yeoman services rendered by Subramaniam to nation recalled". The Hindu. India. 28 August 2010. Retrieved 28 October 2011.

External links

Political offices
Preceded by Swaran Singh	Minister of Agriculture 1964–1966	Succeeded by Jagjivan Ram
Preceded by D. R. Gadgil	Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission 1971–1972	Succeeded by Durga Prasad Dhar
Preceded by Yashwantrao Chavan	Finance Minister of India 1975–1977	Succeeded by H. M. Patel
Preceded by Jagjivan Ram	Defence Minister of India 1979–1980	Succeeded by Indira Gandhi
Preceded by Kasu Brahmananda Reddy	Governor of Maharashtra 1990–1993	Succeeded by P. C. Alexander