Chain store

A chain store or retail chain is a retail outlet in which several locations share a brand, central management and standardized business practices. They have come to dominate many retail markets, dining markets, and service categories in many parts of the world. A franchise retail establishment is one form of a chain store. In 2005, the world's largest retail chain, Walmart, became the world's largest corporation based on gross sales.[1]

History

Heritage W.H. Smith stall at Pickering railway station in North Yorkshire

In 1792, Henry Walton Smith and his wife Anna established W.H. Smith as a news vending business in London that would become a national concern in the mid-19th century under the management of their grandson William Henry Smith.[2][3] The world's oldest national retail chain, the firm took advantage of the railway boom during the Industrial Revolution by opening news-stands at railway stations beginning in 1848.[3] The firm, now called WHSmith, had more than 1,400 locations as of 2017.[4]

In the U.S., chain stores likely began with J. Stiner & Company, which operated several tea shops in New York City around 1860.[5] By 1900, George Huntington Hartford had built The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, originally a tea distributor based in New York, into a grocery chain that operated almost 200 stores. Dozens of other grocery, drug, tobacco, and variety stores opened additional locations, around the same time, so that retail chains were common in the United States by 1910. Several state legislatures considered measures to restrict the growth of chains, and in 1914 concern about chain stores contributed to passage of the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act.[6]

Post card ad listing eight cities and towns where Dewachter Frères offered "ready-to-wear clothes and by measure for men and children," c. 1885

Isidore, Benjamin and Modeste Dewachter originated the idea of the chain department store in Belgium in 1868,[7][8] ten years before A&P began offering more than coffee and tea. They started with four locations for Maisons Dewachter (Houses of Dewachter): La Louvière, Mons, Namur and Leuze.[7] They later incorporated as Dewachter frères (Dewachter Brothers) on January 1, 1875.[9] The brothers offered ready-to-wear clothing for men and children and specialty clothing such as riding apparel and beachwear.[8] Isidore owned 51% of the company, while his brothers split the remaining 49%.[9] Under Isidore's (and later his son Louis') leadership, Maisons Dewachter would become one of the most recognized names in Belgium and France with stores in 20 cities and towns. Some cities had multiple stores, such as Bordeaux, France.[8][10][11] Louis Dewachter also became an internationally known landscape artist, painting under the pseudonym Louis Dewis.

By the early 1920s, chain retailing was well established in the United States, with A&P, Woolworth's, American Stores, and United Cigar Stores being the largest.[12] By the 1930s, chain stores had come of age, and stopped increasing their total market share. Court decisions against the chains' price-cutting appeared as early as 1906, and laws against chain stores began in the 1920s, along with legal countermeasures by chain-store groups.[13] State taxes on chain stores were upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1931. Between then and 1933, 525 chain-store tax bills were introduced in state legislatures, and by the end of 1933 special taxes on retail chains were in force in 17 states.[14]

Characteristics

A chain store is characterised by the ownership or franchise relationship between the local business or outlet and a controlling business.

Difference between a "chain" and formula retail

While chains are typically "formula retail", a chain refers to ownership or franchise, whereas "formula retail" or "formula business" refers to the characteristics of the business.[15] There is considerable overlap because key characteristic of a formula retail business is that it is controlled as a part of a business relationship, and is generally part of a chain. Nevertheless, most codified municipal regulation relies on definitions of formula retail (e.g., formula restaurants),[16][17][18] in part because a restriction directed to "chains" may be deemed an impermissible restriction on interstate commerce (in the US), or as exceeding municipal zoning authority (i.e., regulating "who owns it" rather than the characteristics of the business).[19][20] Non-codified restrictions will sometimes target "chains". A municipal ordinance may seek to prohibit "formula businesses" in order to maintain the character of a community and support local businesses that serve the surrounding neighborhood.[21]

Decline

Main article: Retail apocalypse

Brick-and-mortar chain stores have been in decline as retail has shifted to online shopping, leading to historically high retail vacancy rates.[22] The hundred-year-old Radio Shack chain went from 7,400 stores in 2001 to 400 stores in 2018.[23] FYE is the last remaining music chain store in the United States and has shrunk from over 1,000 at its height to 270 locations in 2018.[24] In 2019, Payless ShoeSource stated that it would be closing all remaining 2,100 stores in the US.[25]

Restaurant chains

Opening the first of its chain of teashops in 1894, branch of Lyons in Reading, Berkshire pictured in 1945
A Subway franchise restaurant

A restaurant chain is a set of related restaurants in many different locations that are either under shared corporate ownership or franchising agreements.[26] Typically, the restaurants within a chain are built to a standard format through architectural prototype development and offer a standard menu and/or services.[16] Fast food restaurants are the most common, but sit-down restaurant chains also exist.[27] Restaurant chains locations are often found near highways, shopping malls and densely populated urban or tourist areas.

Britain

In 1896, Samuel Isaacs from Whitechapel, east London opened the first fish and chips restaurant (as opposed to a take-away) in London, and its instant popularity led to a chain comprising 22 restaurants with locations around London and seaside resorts in southern England including Brighton, Ramsgate and Margate.[28][29] In 1864, the Aerated Bread Company (ABC) began operating a chain of teashops in Britain. ABC would be overtaken as the leader in the field by Lyons, co-founded by Joseph Lyons in 1884. From 1909 Lyons began operating a chain of teashops which became a staple of the High Street in the UK, and at its peak, the firm numbered around 200 cafes.[30]

Opposition

The displacement of independent businesses by chains has sparked increased collaboration among independent businesses and communities to prevent chain proliferation. These efforts include community-based organizing through Independent Business Alliances (in the U.S. and Canada) and "buy local" campaigns. In the U.S., trade organizations such as the American Booksellers Association and American Specialty Toy Retailers do national promotion and advocacy. NGOs like the New Rules Project and New Economics Foundation provide research and tools for pro-independent business education and policy while the American Independent Business Alliance provides direct assistance for community-level organizing.

Regulation and exclusion

A variety of towns and cities in the United States whose residents wish to retain their distinctive character—such as San Francisco;[31] Provincetown, Massachusetts and other Cape Cod villages; Bristol, RI;[32] McCall, Idaho; Port Townsend, Washington; Ogunquit, Maine; Windermere, Florida and Carmel-by-the-Sea, California—closely regulate, even exclude, chain stores. They don't exclude the chain itself, only the standardized formula the chain uses, described as "formula businesses".[33] For example, there could often be a restaurant owned by McDonald's that sells hamburgers, but not the formula franchise operation with the golden arches and standardized menu, uniforms, and procedures. The reason these towns regulate chain stores is aesthetics and tourism.[33] Proponents of formula restaurants and formula retail allege the restrictions are used to protect independent businesses from competition.[21][34]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Wal-Mart Stores on the Forbes Global 2000 List". Forbes. Archived from the original on May 18, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
  2. ^ "WH Smith expansion is given wings with takeover of Marshall Retail". The Times. Retrieved June 22, 2022. WH Smith is the world's oldest national retail chain after being started by Henry Smith as a newspaper shop in 1792
  3. ^ a b "History of WHSmith - About WHSmith". Whsmithplc.co.uk. Archived from the original on December 29, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
  4. ^ "Our stores - About WHSmith". Whsmithplc.co.uk. Archived from the original on October 26, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
  5. ^ Marc Levinson, The Great A&P and the Struggle for Small Business in America, 2nd ed (2019), p. 14.
  6. ^ Levinson, p. 67.
  7. ^ a b Le Pantheon de L'Industrie, Paris, 1891, Page 20
  8. ^ a b c "The Dewis Collection - The Art of Louis Dewis". Louisdewis.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
  9. ^ a b Annexes to the Belgian Monitor of 1875. Acts, Extracts of Acts, Minutes and Documents relating to Corporations, Book #3, Page 67
  10. ^ France, Maison Dewachter, Bordeaux (August 2, 2018). "English: This is the letterhead for the Bordeaux location of Maison Dewachter, a chain of men's and boys' clothing stores in Belgium and France". Archived from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2018 – via Wikimedia Commons.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ "Magasins de prêt-à-porter sur Montpellier". Dewachter.fr. Archived from the original on January 10, 2019. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  12. ^ Hayward WS, White P, Fleek HS, Mac Intyre H (1922). "The chain store field". Chain Stores: Their Management and Operation. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 16–31. OCLC 255149441.
  13. ^ Lebhar GM (1952). Chain Stores in America: 1859–1950. New York: Chain Store Publishing Corp. OCLC 243136.
  14. ^ Levinson, p. 122.
  15. ^ "Formula Business | legal definition of Formula Business by Law Insider". www.lawinsider.com. Archived from the original on August 31, 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  16. ^ a b Town of Jaffrey Planning Board Proposed Zoning Changes Summary Archived June 13, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Public Hearing January 22, 2018, Town of Jaffrey, New Hampshire (.pdf)
  17. ^ Permit how-to guides - chain stores (formula retail use) Archived June 2, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Planning Dept., City and Cty. of San Francisco
  18. ^ "Chapter 17.54 FORMULA RETAIL AND RESTAURANT ESTABLISHMENTS". Codepublishing.com. Archived from the original on June 26, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
  19. ^ The Park at Cross Creek v. City of Malibu Archived June 25, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Calif. Ct. App., 2nd. Dist. Filed 21-Jun-2017 (.pdf)
  20. ^ Chain Store Ordinance Resurrected From the Dead Archived November 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The Malibu Times 1-Nov-2017
  21. ^ a b "Formula Business Restrictions". Institute for Local Self-Reliance. December 2008. Archived from the original on May 24, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  22. ^ "Amid brick-and-mortar shakeup, Greater Hartford's retail vacancy rate shrinks". Hartford Business Journal. Archived from the original on January 8, 2019. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  23. ^ Carter, Clint (November 27, 2018). "RadioShack Is Now Selling in Unexpected Places. Will Anyone Buy?". Entrepreneur. Archived from the original on December 1, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  24. ^ "Bob Higgins, Pioneering Founder of Trans World and FYE, Dead at 75". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 6, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  25. ^ Business, Ahiza Garcia, CNN (February 16, 2019). "Payless is closing all its 2,100 US stores". CNN. Archived from the original on February 19, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2019. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Jakle, J.A.; Sculle, K.A. (2002). Fast Food: Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age. The road and American culture. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 68–. ISBN 978-0-8018-6920-4. Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
  27. ^ "The 20 best chain restaurants in America". Business Insider France (in French). Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
  28. ^ Jolles, Michael A.; Rubinstein, W. (2011). The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 457.
  29. ^ Walton, John K. Fish and Chips, and the British Working Class, 1870-1940. A&C Black. p. 34.
  30. ^ "Bawden and battenberg: the Lyons teashop lithographs". The Guardian. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
  31. ^ "Compromise reached on San Francisco's chain store limits". Sfgate.com. November 5, 2014. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
  32. ^ "USATODAY.com - Cities put shackles on chain stores". Usatoday30.usatoday.com. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
  33. ^ a b Analysis of Cities with Formula Business Ordinances Archived May 23, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Malibu, California (.pdf)
  34. ^ "Cape Cod Residents Keep the Chain Stores Out" Archived November 18, 2016, at the Wayback Machine article by Beth Greenfield June 8, 2010

Further reading

  • Carroll, Glenn R., and Magnus Thor Torfason. "Restaurant Organizational Forms and Community in the US in 2005." City & Community 10#1 (2011): 1–24.
  • Ingram, Paul, and Hayagreeva Rao. "Store Wars: The Enactment and Repeal of Anti-Chain-Store Legislation in America." American Journal of Sociology 110#2 (2004): 446–487.
  • Lebhar, Godfrey Montague, and W. C. Shaw. Chain stores in America, 1859-1962 (Chain Store Publishing Corporation, 1963).
  • Levinson, Marc. "The Great A&P and the Struggle for Small Business in America" (2019). ISBN 978-0-578-56210-0.
  • Matsunaga, Louella. The changing face of Japanese retail: Working in a chain store (Routledge, 2012).
  • Newman, Benjamin J., and John V. Kane. "Backlash against the 'Big Box', Local Small Business and Public Opinion toward Business Corporations." Public Opinion Quarterly 78#4 (2014): 984–1002.
  • Phillips, Charles F. "The Chain Store in the United States and Canada," American Economic Review 27#1 (1937), pp. 87–95 in JSTOR
  • Schragger, Richard. "The Anti-Chain Store Movement, Localist Ideology, and the Remnants of the Progressive Constitution, 1920-1940." Iowa Law Review 90 (2005): 1011+.
  • Scroop, Daniel. "The anti-chain store movement and the politics of consumption." American Quarterly 60#4 (2008): 925–949.
  • Winship, Janice. "Culture of restraint: the British chain store 1920–39." Commercial Cultures: Economies, Practices, Spaces 31 (2000).

Read other articles:

Beluk, Belik, Pemalang

BelukDesaPeta lokasi Desa BelukNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TengahKabupatenPemalangKecamatanBelikKode pos52356Kode Kemendagri33.27.03.2009 Luas131 km²Jumlah penduduk10.422 jiwaKepadatan78 jiwa/km²Situs webbeluk.desakupemalang.id/blog/ Desa Beluk adalah sebuah desa yang berada di Kecamatan Belik, Kabupaten Pemalang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Desa Beluk memiliki potensi hasil alam yang menjanjikan, khususnya potensi hasil alam buah nanas. Buah nanas khas Beluk yaitu nanas madu merupakan ik...

 

 

69

Cette page concerne l'année 69 du calendrier julien. Pour l'année 69 av. J.-C., voir 69 av. J.-C. Pour le nombre 69, voir 69 (nombre). Pour les autres significations, voir 69 (homonymie). Chronologies L'empire romain en 69Données clés 66 67 68  69  70 71 72Décennies :30 40 50  60  70 80 90Siècles :-IIe -Ier  Ier  IIe IIIeMillénaires :-IIe -Ier  Ier  IIe IIIe Calendriers Romain Chinois Grégorien Julien Hébraïque Hindou Hégirien...

 

 

Бекетов, Андрей Николаевич (ботаник)

В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с такой фамилией, см. Бекетов; Бекетов, Андрей; Бекетов, Андрей Николаевич.Андрей Николаевич Бекетов Дата рождения 26 ноября (8 декабря) 1825[1] Место рождения Алферьевка, Сердобский уезд, Саратовская губерния, Российская империя Дата...

القرن 19

ألفية: ألفية 2 قرن: القرن 18 القرن 19 القرن 20 قائمة العقود: عقد 1800 عقد 1810 عقد 1820 عقد 1830 عقد 1840 عقد 1850 عقد 1860 عقد 1870 عقد 1880 عقد 1890 تصانيف: مواليد – وفيات تأسيسات – انحلالات عقد 1790 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 عقد 1800 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 عقد 1810 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 18...

 

 

Alba (CN)

AlbaKomuneCittà di AlbaView of the city of Alba Lambang kebesaranNegaraItaliaWilayahPiedmontProvinsiCuneo (CN)Pemerintahan • Wali kotaMaurizio Marello (since June 23, 2009)Luas • Total54 km2 (21 sq mi)Ketinggian172 m (564 ft)Populasi • Total31.341 • Kepadatan580/km2 (1,500/sq mi)DemonimAlbesiZona waktuUTC+1 (CET) • Musim panas (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Kode pos12051Kode area telepon173Santo/a PelindungSt. Lawren...

 

 

Pál Dárdai

Hungarian footballer and manager This article is about the footballer born in 1976. For the footballer born in 1951 and his father, see Pál Dárdai (footballer, born 1951). For the footballer born in 1999 and his son, see Palkó Dárdai. The native form of this personal name is Dárdai Pál. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals. Pál Dárdai Dárdai as a Hertha BSC coach in 2017Personal informationDate of birth (1976-03-16) 16 March 1976 (age 48)Place of ...

Unione Sportiva Paganese 1976-1977

Voce principale: Paganese Calcio 1926. Unione Sportiva PaganeseStagione 1976-1977 Sport calcio Squadra Paganese Allenatore Gennaro Rambone Presidente Dino Malet Serie C2º posto, girone C Coppa Italia SemiproSemifinale Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Zana (38) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Albano (5) 1977-1978 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa voce raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti la Unione Sportiva Paganese nelle competizioni ufficiali della stagione 1976-1977. Indice 1 St...

 

 

Karna (1986 film)

1986 Indian filmKarnaSuperhit Karna movie posterDirected byH. R. BhargavaWritten byChi. Udaya ShankarScreenplay byH. R. BhargavaProduced byB. Anuradha SinghR. Dushyanth SinghR. Amritha SinghStarringVishnuvardhanSumalathaSumithraK. S. AshwathGangadharCinematographyD. V. RajaramEdited byV. P. KrishnaMusic byM. Ranga RaoProductioncompaniesAmrutha ArtsRohini PicturesDistributed byAmrutha ArtsRohini PicturesRelease date 10 January 1986 (1986-01-10) Running time148 minCountryIndiaLa...

 

 

Hoàng Cầm (general)

Vietnamese general Colonel GeneralHoàng CầmPersonal detailsBornĐỗ Văn Cầm(1920-04-30)30 April 1920Ứng Hòa, Hà Tây, Tonkin (French protectorate)Died19 August 2013(2013-08-19) (aged 93)Political partyCommunist Party of VietnamAwards Ho Chi Minh OrderMilitary serviceAllegiance Democratic Republic of Vietnam and later VietnamBranch/servicePeople's Army of VietnamRankColonel GeneralBattles/wars First Indochina War Battle of Điện Biên Phủ Vietnam War Battle of Phước Long...

Gerald Ketchum

Questa voce sugli argomenti militari statunitensi e Antartide è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. Gerald KetchumNascitaBellingham, 5 dicembre 1908 MortePlano, 22 agosto 1992 voci di militari presenti su Wikipedia Manuale Gerald Ketchum (Bellingham, 5 dicembre 1908 – Plano, 22 agosto 1992) è stato un militare statunitense. Comandante della Us Navy è stato responsabile della ...

 

 

Nico Touches the Walls discography

Nico Touches the Walls discographyNICO Touches the Walls performing in 2010Studio albums8Compilation albums1Video albums7Music videos26EPs5Singles27Promotional singles7 The discography of the Japanese band Nico Touches the Walls consists of eight studio albums, 27 extended plays, eleven singles, seven promotional singles, seven video albums, and 26 music videos.[1] Nico Touches the Walls (stylized as NICO Touches the Walls) was a Japanese rock band formed in 2004. In the same year, t...

 

 

Ferran Torres

Spanish footballer (born 2000) Not to be confused with Fernando Torres. In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Torres and the second or maternal family name is García. Ferran Torres Torres with Valencia in 2019Personal informationFull name Ferran Torres García[1]Date of birth (2000-02-29) 29 February 2000 (age 24)[2]Place of birth Foios, SpainHeight 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in)[3]Position(s) Forward, wingerTeam informationCurrent tea...

Jerzy Popiełuszko

Polish Roman Catholic priest and martyr (1947–1984) BlessedJerzy PopiełuszkoMartyrBorn(1947-09-14)14 September 1947Okopy, near Suchowola, Republic of PolandDied19 October 1984(1984-10-19) (aged 37)Włocławek, Polish People's RepublicVenerated inRoman Catholic ChurchBeatified6 June 2010, Warsaw, Poland by Archbishop Angelo Amato on behalf of Pope Benedict XVIFeast19 October Jerzy Popiełuszko (Polish pronunciation: [ˈjɛʐɨ popʲɛˈwuʂkɔ] born Alfons Popiełuszko; 14...

 

 

Susana Martinez

American politician, 31st governor of New Mexico (born 1959) Susana Martinez31st Governor of New MexicoIn officeJanuary 1, 2011 (2011-01-01) – January 1, 2019 (2019-01-01)LieutenantJohn SanchezPreceded byBill RichardsonSucceeded byMichelle Lujan GrishamDistrict Attorney for the 3rd Judicial District of New MexicoIn officeJanuary 1, 1997 (1997-01-01) – January 1, 2011 (2011-01-01)Preceded byGreg ValdezSucceeded b...

 

 

2006 European blackout

Power outage in Europe You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (July 2012) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text int...

Romulus

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang pendiri dan raja pertama Kerajaan Romawi. Untuk mitologi Romulus Remus, lihat Romulus dan Remus. Untuk planet Star Trek, lihat Romulus (Star Trek). RomulusRomulus dan saudara kembarnya, Remus, dari dekorasi abad ke-15, Certosa di PaviaRaja RomawiBerkuasa753 – 716 SMPenerusNuma PompiliusInformasi pribadiKelahiranAlba LongaKematianRoma, Kerajaan RomawiAyahMarsIbuRhea SilviaPasanganHersilia Romawi Kuno Artikel ini adalah bagian dari seri Politik dan Ketataneg...

 

 

Sophie (musician)

Scottish music producer and DJ (1986–2021) SOPHIE redirects here. For the astronomical instrument, see SOPHIE échelle spectrograph. For other uses, see Sophie (disambiguation). SophieSophie performing in 2018Background informationAlso known asSophie XeonBorn(1986-09-17)17 September 1986Glasgow, ScotlandDied30 January 2021(2021-01-30) (aged 34)Athens, GreeceGenresExperimental pop[1]hyperpop[2]electronic[3]avant-pop[4]dance-pop[5]Occupation(s)Musi...

 

 

Primera Divisió 2014-2015

Primera Divisió 2014-2015 Competizione Primera Divisió Sport Calcio Edizione 20ª Organizzatore FAF Date dal 21 settembre 2014al 3 maggio 2015 Luogo  Andorra Partecipanti 8 Risultati Vincitore  FC Santa Coloma(8º titolo) Retrocessioni  Inter Escaldes Statistiche Incontri disputati 78 Cronologia della competizione 2013-2014 2015-2016 Manuale La Primera Divisió 2014-2015 è la 20ª edizione del campionato andorrano di calcio di massima divisione. La stagione uff...

Cigare

Pour les articles homonymes, voir cigare (homonymie). Échantillon de cigares Un cigare est un cylindre formé de feuilles de tabac : une feuille à rouler est enroulée en spirale sur d'autres feuilles pliées, roulées (ensemble que l'on nomme « liga » ou « ligada » pour les havanes), ou hachées en petits morceaux (pour les cigares de moindre qualité). Le bout appelé « pied » est porté à incandescence, et l'autre extrémité, que l'on coupe, es...

 

 

グリマルディ家

この記事には複数の問題があります。改善やノートページでの議論にご協力ください。 出典がまったく示されていないか不十分です。内容に関する文献や情報源が必要です。（2021年7月） 脚注による出典や参考文献の参照が不十分です。脚注を追加してください。（2021年7月）出典検索?: グリマルディ家 – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii �...