Central Argentine Railway

This article is about a railway in Argentina. For the railway in United States, see Argentine Central Railway.
Central Argentine Railway
Native name
Ferrocarril Central Argentino
Company typePrivate
IndustryTransport
Predecessor
Founded1863
Defunct1948; 77 years ago (1948)
FateAcquired and nationalised by the Government of Argentina in 1948, becoming F.C. Mitre
SuccessorFerrocarriles Argentinos
Headquarters
Buenos Aires
,
Argentina
Area served
Center and North of Argentina
Key people
Henry Herbert Loveday
(General Manager)
ServicesRail transport
OwnerWilliam Wheelwright
Central Argentine Railway
Overview
Native nameFerrocarril Central Argentino
LocaleArgentina
Termini
StationsRosario Central [a]
Rosario Norte [b]
Córdoba
Santiago del Estero
History
Opened1863; 162 years ago (1863)
Closed1948; 77 years ago (1948)
Technical
Track gauge1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)

The Central Argentine Railway, referred to as CA below, (in Spanish: Ferrocarril Central Argentino) was one of the Big Four broad gauge, 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) British companies that built and operated railway networks in Argentina.[1][2] The company had been established in the 19th century, to serve the provinces of Santa Fe and Córdoba, in the east-central region of the country.[3] It would later extend its operations to Buenos Aires, Tucumán, and Santiago del Estero.[4] The railroad had a complicated relationship with its employees in the 1910s, and then it had a complicated relationship with the government of Argentina in the 1920s.[5][6]

History

Origins

In 1854, American engineer Allan Campbell sent a proposal to members of the government of the Argentine Confederation. Campbell wanted a study to be done on the construction of a possible railway line between cities of Rosario and Córdoba.[7] The distance estimated was 247 mi (about 398 km) and the costs were in Argentine pesos (£1 = Arg$5).[8] The study that had been done on the CAR revealed a cost of 4,000 sterling per mile built.[9]

The costs estimated by Campbell in the report were the following:[8]

Description Cost (Arg$)
Excavations, ditches 656,000
Bridges, gutters 153,000
Paths, tracks 2,673,000
Machines and rolling stock 350,000
Stations 280,000
Administration, managing, engineers, fees 300,000
Dock of Rosario 40,000
Lands 0
Workers, rooms, freight 70,000
Reserve percentage (10%) 452,200
Total amount 4,974,200

In 1855, the CA was given permission to begin work on a railway line from Rosario to Córdoba.[10] Another American, William Wheelwright, who had been involved in the Copiapó–Caldera line project in Chile, financed and supported the construction of the railroad.[11]

Construction

William Wheelwright, owner of the company

In 1863, the government of Argentina granted the company, led by engineer William Wheelwright, a concession to build and operate a railway line between the cities of Rosario (a major port in southern Santa Fe, on the Paraná River) and Córdoba (a large city near the geographical center of Argentina, and the capital of the province of the same name).[12] The grant included a clause to populate the lands along and around the railway that were given to the company by the national state.[13]

The construction of the railroad began in 1863 with the establishment of the terminus in Rosario, at the Rosario Central station. The line was built as a 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge railway.[8] In 1867 the line reached Villa María, Córdoba.[14] Minister Rawson expressed disagreement for the paralysis of the works while passengers also protested against poor conditions of the service. The works for the Rosario Central station and other intermediate stations had not begun. The company alleged that they could not continue the extension of the line until the pending lands were given.[8]

In September 1867, the government authorized a new disbursement of $1,500,000 to conclude the pending works.[8] In 1870, the railway reached the city of Córdoba, and this completed its original route.[15] The CA was the longest railway system at that time and the first to join two provinces.[8] For 18 years the company did not built any tracks elsewhere; in 1888, the railway system still had 247 mi (about 398 km) of extension.[16]

Progress

Famous "191" steam locomotive in Retiro
Locomotive that ran the Rosario-Cañada de Gómez branch in 1866
Tigre station, terminus (c. 1900)
A train stopped at Belgrano R station, prior the line was electrified
Rosario Central station, c. 1910

The CA supported the concept of agricultural colonies, where people settled and farmed. Bernstadt, Cañada de Gomez, and Carcañal were some of the agricultural colonies.[17] The CA was involved in transporting agricultural products, such as wheat, in the 1870s, and by the late 1880s, Great Britain received large quantities of agricultural products from Argentina.[18]

The CA built a number of stations. Some train stations and the trains themselves possessed British names and influence.[19] In 1891 the CA opened Fisherton station in the west of Rosario, as well as a new branch entering Rosario from the southwest and a stop on the line (Eloy Palacios station). Victoria station was also opened in 1891. Trains to Zelaya and Capilla del Señor departed from Victoria for the first time one year later. The CA also installed the first crossbuck and manually-operated gates in the many level crossings existing by then. During successive years, several new stations were built by the company in Greater Buenos Aires, such as Beccar (1913), La Lucila (1933), Acassuso (1934) and Virreyes (1938).[20]

The CA purchased multiple railroads or merged with them. One of these companies, the Santa Fe Western Railway, or SFWR ("Ferrocarril Oeste Santafesino"), was absorbed by the CA in 1900. The lines handled by SFWR, which served the southwest of Santa Fe Province and the south of Córdoba (up to the city of Cruz Alta), were merged with those of the larger company, and the passenger services handled by Rosario Oeste station were transferred to Rosario Central station, while the former was renamed "Rosario Este."[21][22]

In 1908, the CA was merged with another company, Buenos Aires and Rosario Railway, which served the Buenos Aires–Rosario line.[23] The passenger services were unified and optimized: Rosario Central station was left in charge of short and mid-distance services, while Rosario Norte station was set aside for long-distance and express services. The fused company opened two new stops in Rosario, Parada Cruce Alberdi (present-day Patio Parada) in the north-center of the city, and Parada Golf (or Parada Links), in the western limit of the municipality, near today's Rosario Golf Club.[21]

New rail lines were added to the CA. In 1916, the Retiro-Tigre line was electrified, becoming the first electrified railway system of South America. New British Thomson-Houston (BTH) multiple units were acquired to run on the line.[20][page needed] The CA ran several express services to the northern Argentina, such as El Rápido (inaugurated in 1910), which was the first express train of Argentina. That service could reach the city of Rosario in about 5 hours. In 1925, the new Campana station, located nearer the center of downtown, was opened. A long-distance service extended from Córdoba to Tucumán and allowed passengers to be able to cross the border into Bolivia by train.[24] El Panamericano, inaugurated in 1929, was a specific rail line that allowed for passengers to be able to travel to Bolivia; it reached Tucumán and allowed passengers to transfer Ferrocarril Central Norte trains to cross the border to Bolivia. One year later, the Estrella del Norte (a train that would become a classic) joined Buenos Aires and Tucumán, towed by W G Armstrong Whitworth & Co PS11 locomotives.[20]

The company continued its expansion. Between 1935 and 1940, already past the "golden age" of Argentine railways, Rosario Central station managed seventy daily train services, with an annual average of 438,000 passengers.[25] In 1936, the company owned 520 locomotives, 976 coaches and more than 20,000 goods wagons.[26]

By 1948, the following companies had been added to the CA railway network:

Central Argentine Railway (1948)
Former company Province/s covered Acquired
BA Northern Buenos Aires 1888
Santa Fe Western Santa Fe 1900
BA & Rosario Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Córdoba, Sgo. del Estero, Tucumán 1908

Nationalization

Main article: Railway nationalization in Argentina
Former Fisherton station (now Antártida Argentina) of Rosario, as seen in 2006

British railway companies operating in Argentina, including the CA, were nationalized in 1948 by the Juan Perón administration. The CA took over the northern section of the Ferrocarril Rosario y Puerto Belgrano and then became part of the state-owned Ferrocarril General Bartolomé Mitre. The railway system as a whole was reconfigured and this meant the closure of many stations; in the case of the Ferrocarril Mitre, only the original Rosario Central station was left to handle passengers.[27][21]

Relationships with Employees and Government

The CA had a complicated relationship with its employees in the 1910s. At the beginning of World War I, there was a patriotic fervor among CA employees because they were working for a British-owned company and supported the side of Great Britain in the war. However, as the war continued on, a variety of factors led to strikes against the CA, including one that occurred in Rosario in September 1917 (the first major railway strike in Argentina). These strikes resulted from a variety of issues: people being fired (sometimes because they had a German background, and the Germans were the enemies of the British during World War I) or laid off, receiving lower wages (although these were not universal), and having a higher cost of living. The rise of unions and the Argentine government's involvement in settling disputes between employees and the company led to the end of the intense time of protests, which lasted from 1916 to 1922.[28]

The CA's relationship with the government in the 1920s was also complicated. Due to financial struggles coming out of World War I, Argentine railroads sought to raise their rates in order to raise more revenue, but the Argentine government, led by Hipólito Yrigoyen and his Radical Civic Union party, tried to intervene and set railroad rates. Argentine railroads hired lawyers to defend them, but each of the railroads viewed the situation differently, with the CA lawyers stating that they could not oppose the government. After much debate, the railroads were permitted to collect the higher rates which they wanted, and the railroads began collecting these rates in August 1922. The next administration of the Argentine government, the Alvear administration, sought to lower railroad rates, but maneuvering by the CA enabled the issue to not be addressed until Yrigoyen regained power. The railroad rates were not reduced during the Yrigoyen administration partially due to a positive relationship between a CA official and Yrigoyen, and the controversy concluded.[29]

At the end of the 1880s a group of CAR workers used to meet to play a form of "football" in the vacant lands located near Alberdi Avenue. At Christmastime in 1889, almost 70 people met in a bar with the purpose of establishing a football club. British citizen Thomas Mutton suggested the name "Central Argentine Railway Athletic Club," which was approved. At the beginning, the club only allowed employees of the CAR to be members of the institution.[30]

In 1903, the club changed its name to "Rosario Central."[30] It would later become one of the most prominent clubs in the city, along with arch-rival Newell's Old Boys.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Original terminus.
  2. ^ Added to CAR when the company acquired the Buenos Aires and Rosario Railway in 1908.

References

  1. ^ Goodwin, Paul B. (1974). "The Politics of Rate-Making: The British-Owned Railways and the Union Civica Radical, 1921-1928". Journal of Latin American Studies. 6 (2): 257–287. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00008981. JSTOR 156183. S2CID 144630162.
  2. ^ Duggan, Bernardo A.; Lewis, Colin M. (2019). Historical Dictionary of Argentina. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 121. ISBN 9781538119709.
  3. ^ Damus, Sylvester (1978). "Critique of Paul B. Goodwin's 'The Central Argentine Railway and the Economic Development of Argentina, 1854-1881'". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 58 (3): 470. doi:10.1215/00182168-58.3.468.
  4. ^ Badaloni, Laura (2017). "Black Lists and Labor Protest: The Central Argentine Railway and its Workers during World War I (in Spanish)". Historia Crítica. 66: 46.
  5. ^ Badaloni, Laura (2017). "Black Lists and Labor Protest: The Central Argentine Railway and its Workers during World War I (in Spanish)". Historia Crítica. 66: 47, 54.
  6. ^ Goodwin, Paul B. (1974). "The Politics of Rate-Making: The British-Owned Railways and the Union Civica Radical, 1921-1928". Journal of Latin American Studies. 6 (2): 257, 259, 263, 264, 269, 277, 278–279, 284–286. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00008981. JSTOR 156183. S2CID 144630162.
  7. ^ Goodwin, Paul B. (1977). "The Central Argentine Railway and the Economic Development of Argentina, 1854-1881". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 57 (4): 622. doi:10.2307/2513481. JSTOR 2513481.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Historia de los ferrocarriles argentinos by Raúl Scalabrii Ortiz (published 1940) – 7th. edition, Editorial Plus Ultra
  9. ^ Lewis, Colin M. (1983). British Railways in Argentina 1857-1914: A Case Study of Foreign Investment. London: Athlone Press. p. 10.
  10. ^ Lewis, Colin M. (1983). British Railways in Argentina 1857-1914: A Case Study of Foreign Investment. London: Athlone Press. pp. 8–9.
  11. ^ Goodwin, Paul B. (1977). "The Central Argentine Railway and the Economic Development of Argentina, 1854–1881". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 57 (4): 623, 628. doi:10.2307/2513481. JSTOR 2513481.
  12. ^ Goodwin, Paul B. (1977). "The Central Argentine Railway and the Economic Development of Argentina, 1854–1881". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 57 (4): 623. doi:10.2307/2513481. JSTOR 2513481.
  13. ^ Lewis, Colin M. (1983). British Railways in Argentina 1857-1914: A Case Study of Foreign Investment. London: Athlone. p. 10.
  14. ^ Damus, Sylvester (1978). "Critique of Paul B. Goodwin's 'The Central Argentine Railway and the Economic Development of Argentina, 1854-1881'". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 58 (3): 469. doi:10.1215/00182168-58.3.468.
  15. ^ Lewis, Colin M. (1983). "The Financing of Railway Development in Latin America, 1850-1914". Ibero-Amerikanisches Archiv. 9 (3/4): 263–264. JSTOR 43393051.
  16. ^ Lewis, Colin M. (1983). British Railways in Argentina 1857-1914: A Case Study of Foreign Investment. London: Athlone Press. pp. 56, 57, 150.
  17. ^ Lewis, Colin M. (1983). British Railways in Argentina 1857-1914: A Case Study of Foreign Investment. London: Athlone Press. p. 28.
  18. ^ Ferns, H.S. (1950). "Investment and Trade between Britain and Argentina in the Nineteenth Century". The Economic History Review. 3 (2): 216. doi:10.2307/2590768. JSTOR 2590768.
  19. ^ Lewis, Colin M. (2008). "Britain, the Argentine and Informal Empire: Rethinking the Role of Railway Companies". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 27: 106. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2007.00246.x – via EBSCOhost Academic Search Complete.
  20. ^ a b c Bernasconi, Ariel (2012). Historia del Ferrocarril al Norte del Gran Buenos Aires: Ferrocarriles Mitre y Belgrano (in Spanish). Dunken Editorial. ISBN 978-9870257691.
  21. ^ a b c "Historia de los Ferrocarriles de Rosario" Archived 2007-02-28 at the Wayback Machine, Asociación Rosarina Amigos del Riel
  22. ^ "El Cercano Oeste", La Capital, 14 May 2006
  23. ^ Lewis, Colin M. (1983). British Railways in Argentina 1857-1914: A Case Study of Foreign Investment. London: Athlone Press. p. 161.
  24. ^ Barclay, W.S. (1917). "The Geography of South American Railways". The Geographical Journal. 49 (3): 192. doi:10.2307/1779494. hdl:2027/hvd.32044080370836. JSTOR 1779494.
  25. ^ "Rieles que corren sobre la memoria y el porvenir". La Capital (in Spanish). 10 April 2005. Archived from the original on 11 April 2005.
  26. ^ World Survey of Foreign Railways. Transportation Division, Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, Washington D.C. 1936. p. 4.
  27. ^ "Rieles que corren sobre la memoria y el porvenir" Archived 2005-04-11 at the Wayback Machine, La Capital, 10 Apr 2005
  28. ^ Badaloni, Laura (2017). "Black Lists and Labor Protest: The Central Argentine Railway and its Workers during World War I (in Spanish)". Historia Crítica. 66: 47–48, 49, 54, 63.
  29. ^ Goodwin, Paul B. (1974). "The Politics of Rate-Making: The British-Owned Railways and the Union Civica Radical, 1921-1928". Journal of Latin American Studies. 6 (2): 257, 259, 263, 264, 269, 277, 278–279, 284–286. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00008981. JSTOR 156183. S2CID 144630162.
  30. ^ a b "Nuestros orígenes". Rosario Central (in Spanish). 16 April 2017.
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