Center for Population Economics

The Center for Population Economics (or CPE) is a research center at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. The work of the CPE is funded primarily by the U.S.'s National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health.

Population Growth and Economic Development

Introduction

The relationship existing between population growth and economic development is one of the subject areas which scholars have explored extensively[1]. The current prediction from researchers is that, various high-income countries are likely to experience slow population growth. On the other hand, it is feared that population growth has always been a problem and will continue to be a challenge as long as people continue to depend on the limited natural resources available [2]. This will eventually affect long-term economic development. Population growth affects various aspects including international migration, population age structure, the size of the workforce and economic inequality. These factors are critical factors that determine economic growth of any nation. Additionally, they are also affected by economic depending on the number of people living in a particular country. The effects of population can be determined in terms of GDP and per capita output.

One of the famous authors whose theory has been used in assessing economic growth is Thomas Malthus. According to the author population growth would at some point suppress living standards in the long term. In order to put the theory in to perspective, he used the quantity of fixed land[3]. If the population continues to grow and the people still uses the same amount of land, then the amount of resources consumed will definitely reduce. This will eventually lead to starvation, war and diseases. He further provided a solution for this problem by suggesting that, these adverse effects of population growth could only be avoided if the people could from moral restraint that is by restraining from having several children. At the time this assumption was being made, the author did not put in to consideration future technological developments that have been used in reducing infectious diseases and improve agricultural production. For this reason, the world population has continued to grow despite the fear that it would have depleted all the available resource[4]. However, from his point of view it is clear that population growth has potential detrimental to economic development and this has been the basis for formulation of international policies towards curbing excess population growth in different parts of the world especially in developing nations.

Malthusian Theory

According to Malthus, population growth at some point must collide with shrinking returns [5]. It is all about arithmetic food supply and exponential population where increase in population and food supply can be balanced through the establishment of positive checks and preventive measures[6]. Malthusian theory consists of various elements that have been put forward to help with further understanding of the relationship between population growth and economic development. Even though the theory tries to put different aspect of population growth and economic development in to perspective, it does not cover every factor as it did not consider the fact that technology could be used to improve food production and reduce prevalence of diseases around the world.

i.               Preventive Checks

The theory suggests that encouraging things like self-control, late marriage and simple living would be helpful in balancing food supply and population growth[7]. Balancing the relationship between population growth and economic development requires the establishment and implementation of policies and measures that improve living standards of the people.

ii.             Positive Checks

According to this theory, population control is left to nature as it has its own way of weeding population. When nature comes in to control population, it takes the population level back to a size where the available food supply can sustain it [8]. Nature controls population through earthquakes, famine, wars, flood and epidemics among others. The role of nature is to control population when it is beyond control y other measures that have been established.

           iii          Population and Food Supply

According to Malthusian theory, population growth takes place in a geometrical fashion. When population growth takes place, food supply decreases and this is always an indicator of more people depending on the same amount of resources[9]. It basically means that food supply will be diminishing due to strains put on the available resources. When population increases and the number resources available remains the same, it basically means will have to struggle to get food.

            iv         Checks on Population

Disequilibrium exists the rate at which population increase is higher than that of food supply. As a result, lack of enough food will cause deaths as there would be not enough food for people to survive on[10]. Coupling inadequate food supply with natural adversities of positive checks, at some point population will be reduced.

The Optimum Theory of Population

The theory focusses on establishing a relationship between creation of wealth and the size of the population [11]. Compared to Malthusian theory, optimum theory of population is more realistic. Optimum population suggests that, if the ideal population of a country id combined with necessary means and resources, the manufacturing industry will yield the most output or income per capita[12]. Other authors who have expanded on the theory have defined it differently. According to Robbins, the best population is that size that makes the most returns[13]. Carr-Saunders on the other hand define the theory as population which yields the most economic welfare[14]. Lastly, Dalton viewed it optimum theory as population which gives the most income per capita[15]. Considering all the definition that have been given by these authors, optimum population is basically an ideal population size which can achieve the most income per if the available resources are properly utilized. However, if the population increases or decreases below the ideal size, then the maximum returns will diminish [16]. According to this theory, in case population increase is followed by per capita income increase, then the country has low population. It therefore means that, it can still afford population increase until the optimum level. On the other hand, if decrease in per capita happens as a result of population increase then the country is overpopulated and there is need for population reduction in order to achieve maximum income per head.

The Theory of Demographic Transition

The theory in question has focused mainly on the real population trends of developed countries. In this theory, population development is a three-stage process which these countries go through. In the first phase of population growth, the death is high while birth is low hence low population growth. In the second phase, death decreases while birth remains the same. Due to this the rate of population growth increases [17]. However, in the last phase of population growth, death rates equals birth rates. This is as a result of a steady decline in the rate at which children are born. Unlike Malthusian theory, demographic transition has not dwelt on food supply and does not take opportunity to give population growth any negativity.

Population Growth

Population growth is characterized by both positive and negative impacts on economic development[18]. The rapid population growth is basically experienced in developing countries with an average increases of 2.2 percent annually while others record as high as 3 percent per year. The 1950s development economists were not keen on population control policies. Their major interests were on theories that could be used to dramatically raise total output by investing in crash programs. On the other hand, they partly believed that changes in the population growth could be controlled through values and social attitudes. However, the scholars and researchers have realized that population growth is a complicated matter and developing nations are even experiencing unwanted births.

Different birth control strategies and policies have been implemented to curb population growth which have been successful in some nations while others are still grappling with this problem. However, there are numerous challenges associated with population control through birth control especially because of the attitude that people have on this strategy[19]. Population growth has complications of its own withstanding the fact that it can be exploited strategically to achieve economic development in every country. Balancing between population growth and economic development requires different strategies and policies supported by different agencies including national government. Different approaches have been presented to explain the relationship between population growth and economic development.

Expansion of Domestic Industry

The development of domestic industry depends on the amount of labor available in a country. For the manufacturing sector to expand, population growth is fundamental [20]. It is one of the sectors in the economy that draws in a lot of workers in any country. Labor force is fundamental in any economic development and nations require population growth for that. Just like manufacturing industry, agriculture sector is also dependent on population growth[21]. With most developing countries grappling with the reality of excess population growth, a number of issues are cropping up that needs to be dealt. For instance, the manufacturing industry would have siphoned some of the labor force but as population continues to increase, unemployment becomes a problem[22]. This means that at some point, there comes a need to either control population growth or find new ways of creating more jobs for the unemployed individuals. The aspect of population growth is complicated since in one hand it is good for economic growth while on the other hand its negative effects put strain on natural resources, social amenities and leads to environmental degradation [23]. The fact is manufacturing industry will definitely expand as a result of population growth but at the end of the day, when there is need for more resources, the community will struggle to survive due to straining that are put on available resources.

Complications of Rapid Population Growth

Rapid population growth comes with different complications. First of all, it leads to reduced investment. As a result of increased and rapid consumption of income, future investments becomes a challenge as there are not enough savings [24]. The second challenge that comes with increase in population is overuse of resources. An increase in the number of people depending on resources leads to overexploitation of resources. This s because, the demand for commodities increases and this requires manufacturing industry to source for raw materials hence overuse of resources[25]. Rapid population growth also comes with urbanization challenges. Planning for housing and provision of social amenities such as transport, water and water among others becomes difficult. It also leads to retarded income per in three different ways [26]. Firstly, it puts more pressure on of the increasing population on land. Additionally, it leads to inflation of consumption goods which results into a strain on family income. Furthermore, population increase affects income per capita as it declines capital accumulation as family expenses cannot allow the family to save more [27]. Such consequences are what causes a decline in the standard of living of the people in a country. This is because, if population increases and income does not increase, it means that standard of living have to decrease as the little amount earned has to be used in taking care of everybody[28]. Other complications of rapid population growth include unemployment, scarcity of social infrastructure, environmental damage and reduced investment.

Conclusion

Most countries around the world are struggling with the complications of increased population growth ranging from unemployment to scarcity of social amenities. These problems have persisted as population continues to increase [29]. Somehow, it seems like the measures and policies that have been implemented have failed in curbing population growth. Most developing countries are affected by the intensity of population and understanding their predicament through the theories of population growth is in no way helping their cases[30]. As a matter of fact, population growth is still expected in most parts of the world and this will continue to impact on economic development. However, in the same manner population growth affects economic development, it is the same way economic development can lead to increased population growth[31]. Favorable economic development makes it easier for population growth as services such as health care, food supply and other necessities are available. Population growth remains an important factor of economic development since resources cannot be utilized on their own without the input of human capital.

References

Ahmad, M., & Khan, R. E. A. (2019). Does demographic transition with human capital dynamics matter for economic growth? A dynamic panel data approach to GMM. Social Indicators       Research, 142(2), 753–772.

Amundsen, E. S., & Skonhoft, A. (2022). Impatience to Consume and Population Growth in a Simple Agrarian Economy (No. 2022/01). IFRO Working Paper.

Baldassare, M. (2020). The growth dilemma. In The Growth Dilemma. University of California Press.

Chen, X., & Fu, F. (2018). Social learning of prescribing behavior can promote population optimum of antibiotic use. Frontiers in Physics, 6, 139.

Dasgupta, P., & Beard, S. J. (2021). Optimum Population and Environmental Constraints–A Utilitarian Perspective3. CLIMATE ETHICS, 193.

Enflo, K. (2022). Measuring Social Welfare by Proximity to an Optimum Population. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly.

Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N. M., & Hultink, E. J. (2017). The Circular Economy–A new sustainability paradigm?. Journal of cleaner production, 143, 757-768.

Hashmi, R., & Alam, K. (2019). Dynamic relationship among environmental regulation,  innovation, CO2 emissions, population, and economic growth in OECD countries: A panel investigation. Journal of cleaner production, 231, 1100–1109.

Prosekov, A. Y., & Ivanova, S. A. (2018). Food security: The challenge of the present. Geoforum, 91, 73–77.

King, J. E. (2019). Hugh Dalton (1887–1962). In The Palgrave Companion to LSE Economics (pp. 289–310). Palgrave Macmillan, London.

Oladimeji, Y. U. (2017). Food production trend in Nigeria and Malthus theory of population: empirical evidence from rice production. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and  Environment, 13(1), 126–132.

Okunolа, A. M., Nathaniel, S. P., & Festus, V. B. (2018). Revisiting population growth and food production nexus in Nigeria: an ARDL approach to cointegration. Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal, 4(1868-2019-383), 41–51.

Riva, F., Ahlborg, H., Hartvigsson, E., Pachauri, S., & Colombo, E. (2018). Electricity access  and rural development: Review of complex socio-economic dynamics and causal diagrams for more appropriate energy modelling. Energy for Sustainable   Development, 43, 203–223.

Robbins, L., & Howson, S. (2018). Lionel Robbins on the principles of economic analysis: the  1930s lectures. Routledge.

Rukmana, D. (2018, March). Rapid urbanization and the need for sustainable transportation policies in Jakarta. In IOP conference series: earth and environmental science (Vol. 124,

No. 1, p. 012017). IOP Publishing.

Sakanko, M. A., & David, J. (2018). An Econometric Validation of Malthusian Theory:   Evidence in Nigeria. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 7(1), 77–90.

Smil, V. (2001). Feeding the world: A challenge for the twenty-first century. MIT press.

Unat, E. (2020). A review of Malthusian theory of population under the scope of human   capital. FORCE: Focus on Research in Contemporary Economics, 1(2), 132–147.


[1] Geissdoerfer et al., 2017

[2] Smil, 2001

[3] Geissdoerfer et al., 2017

[4] Smil, 2001

[5] Unat, 2020

[6] Oladimeji, 2017

[7] Sakanko & David, 2018

[8] Oladimeji, 2017

[9] Unat, 2020

[10] Okunola et al., 2018

[11] Enflo, 2022

[12] Dasgupta & Beard, 2021

[13] Robbins & Howson, 2018

[14] Amundsen & Skonhoft, 2022

[15] King, 2019

[16] Chen & Fu, 2018

[17] Ahmad & Khan, 2019

[18] Riva et al., 2018

[19] Rive et al., 2018

[20] Hashmi & Alam, 2019

[21] Prosekov & Ivanova, 2018

[22] Hashmi & Alam, 2019

[23] Hashmi & Alam, 2019

[24] Rukmana, 2018

[25] Rukmana, 2018

[26] Baldassare, 2020

[27] Baldassare, 2020

[28] Rukmana, 2018

[29] Ahmad & Khan, 2019

[30] Enflo, 2020

[31] Hashmi & Alam, 2019


41°47′20″N 87°35′56″W / 41.789°N 87.599°W / 41.789; -87.599

Read other articles:

Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Danau Dampelas – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Danau Dampelas (nama lain: Danau Talaga) adalah sebuah danau (danau dalam bahasa dampelas adalah: Hano) yang berlokasi di kawasan pantai...

 

 

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang bekas wilayah pemerintahan lokal. Untuk kota regional, lihat Queanbeyan, New South Wales. Lokasi Kota Queanbeyan di New South Wales Kota Queanbeyan adalah wilayah pemerintah lokal yang terletak di tenggara New South ...

 

 

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2016. Berikut ini adalah daftar operasi militer di Eropa pada bagian Timur. Ini adalah operasi Jerman dan sekutu-sekutunya di satu sisi serta Uni Soviet dan sekutu-sekutunya di pihak lain sebagai konsekuensi dari invasi Jerman pada tahun 1941. Finlandia, dik...

Redox reaction component In chemistry, a half reaction (or half-cell reaction) is either the oxidation or reduction reaction component of a redox reaction. A half reaction is obtained by considering the change in oxidation states of individual substances involved in the redox reaction. Often, the concept of half reactions is used to describe what occurs in an electrochemical cell, such as a Galvanic cell battery. Half reactions can be written to describe both the metal undergoing oxidation (k...

 

 

Pieve di CadoreKomuneComune di Pieve di CadoreNegaraItaliaWilayahVenetoProvinsiBelluno (BL)FrazioniDamos, Nebbiù, Pozzale, Sottocastello, TaiPemerintahan • Wali kotaMaria Antonia CiottiLuas • Total66,6 km2 (257 sq mi)Ketinggian878 m (2,881 ft)Populasi (31 Mei 2007) • Total4.087 • Kepadatan6,1/km2 (16/sq mi)DemonimPievaniZona waktuUTC+1 (CET) • Musim panas (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Kode pos32044Kode area tel...

 

 

German general (1894–1987) Otto WöhlerWöhler in 1944Born(1894-07-12)12 July 1894Großburgwedel, German EmpireDied5 February 1987(1987-02-05) (aged 92)Großburgwedel, West GermanyAllegiance German Empire  Weimar Republic  Nazi GermanyService/branch German ArmyYears of service1913–45RankGeneral of the InfantryCommands heldI Army Corps8th ArmyArmy Group SouthBattles/warsWorld War I World War IIAwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves Otto Wöhler...

Muskeget IslandMuskeget IslandLocation of Muskeget Island in MassachusettsLocationNantucket, Massachusetts, United StatesCoordinates41°20′7″N 70°18′15″W / 41.33528°N 70.30417°W / 41.33528; -70.30417Elevation14 ft (4.3 m) Muskeget Island (/mʌsˈkiɡɪt/ mus-KEE-git) is a low, sandy island to the west of Tuckernuck Island and Nantucket, in the town of Nantucket, Massachusetts, United States. Geography Muskeget Island is part of the terminal moraine...

 

 

Namibian long-distance runner Helalia JohannesJohannes in the Marathon at the 2012 Olympics in LondonPersonal informationNationalityNamibianBorn (1980-08-13) 13 August 1980 (age 43)Oshali, NamibiaHeight1.65 m (5 ft 5 in)Weight45 kg (99 lb)SportCountryNamibiaSportAthleticsEventMarathon Medal record World Championships 2019 Doha Marathon Commonwealth Games 2018 Gold Coast Marathon 2022 Birmingham Marathon All-Africa Games 2011 Maputo Half marathon Military World Ga...

 

 

Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (novembre 2011). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références ». En pratique : Quelles sources sont attendues ? ...

2016年美國總統選舉 ← 2012 2016年11月8日 2020 → 538個選舉人團席位獲勝需270票民意調查投票率55.7%[1][2] ▲ 0.8 %   获提名人 唐納·川普 希拉莉·克林頓 政党 共和黨 民主党 家鄉州 紐約州 紐約州 竞选搭档 迈克·彭斯 蒂姆·凱恩 选举人票 304[3][4][註 1] 227[5] 胜出州/省 30 + 緬-2 20 + DC 民選得票 62,984,828[6] 65,853,514[6]...

 

 

For other uses, see Neman (disambiguation). Belarusian football club Football clubNeman GrodnoFull nameFootball Club Neman Grodno[1]Founded1964; 60 years ago (1964)GroundNeman Stadium, GrodnoCapacity8,479ChairmanIvan VorsovichManagerIgor KovalevichLeagueBelarusian Premier League2023Belarusian Premier League, 2nd of 15WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours FC Neman Grodno (Belarusian: ФК Нёман Гродна, FK Nioman Hrodna; Russian: ФК Неман Гр...

 

 

Zhang Youxia Zhang Youxia adalah seorang jenderal Tentara Pembebasan Rakyat (PLA) Tiongkok. Dia juga menjabat sebagai Wakil Ketua Komisi Militer Pusat Partai Komunis Tiongkok, sebuah badan penting dalam pengawasan militer di Tiongkok. Zhang merupakan veteran perang Tiongkok-Vietnam. Ayahnya juga seorang jenderal. Riwayat kehidupan Ia lahir pada 1950. Ia lahir dan besar di Beijing, tetapi nenek moyangnya berasal dari Desa Yantou, Weinan, Provinsi Shaanxi. ia adalah putra Jenderal Zhang Zongxun...

فيلم درجة ثانيةروجر كورمان «ملك أفلام الدرجة الثانية», أنتج وأخرج فيلم العقاب (1963) لصالح شركة أميريكان إنترناشنال. تصدر فينسنت برايس الدور مع ممثلين قدماء بالإضافة إلى جاك نيكلسون الشاب.صنف فرعي من فيلم منخفض التكلفة فروع الغرب الأمريكي — فيلم خيال علمي — فيلم رعب تعديل - �...

 

 

For a similar list concerning Germany, see List of administrators of Allied-occupied Germany. Allied occupation zones in Austria, 1945–1955. This article lists the administrators of Allied-occupied Austria, which represented the Allies of World War II in Allied-occupied Austria (German: Alliierten-besetztes Österreich) from the end of World War II in Europe in 1945[1][2][3] until the re-establishment of Austrian independence in 1955, in accordance with the Austrian...

 

 

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. This is a list of notable converts to Christianity from Hinduism. List Name Nationality Notes Refs Krishna Mohan Banerjee Indian Prominent educator, linguist, and missionary [1][2] Michael Madhusudan Dutt Indian Bengali poet. [3] Bobby Jindal American former Louisiana governor. [4][5] Rabi Maharaj Tr...

Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada Sigla CFATASobrenombre CFATATipo Centro de InvestigaciónForma parte de Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoFundación 1 de abril de 2002LocalizaciónDirección Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001Juriquilla, Querétaro, México MéxicoOtras sedes JuriquillaAdministraciónDirector Dr. José Luis Aragón Vera[1]​Afiliaciones Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoSitio web www.fata.unam.mx[editar datos en Wikidata] El Centro de ...

 

 

Untuk tempat lain yang bernama sama, lihat Bulu (disambiguasi). BuluKecamatanPeta lokasi Kecamatan BuluNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TengahKabupatenSukoharjoPemerintahan • CamatWidyanto Setya Wibowo, S.STP., M.M.Populasi (2021)[1] • Total34.605 jiwaKode pos57563Kode Kemendagri33.11.02 Kode BPS3311020 Luas43,86 km²Desa/kelurahan12 Desa Bulu (bahasa Jawa: ꦧꦸꦭꦸ, translit. Bulu) adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Sukoharjo, Jawa Tengah....

 

 

American politician (born 1987) Gabe AmoAmo in 2023Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Rhode Island's 1st districtIncumbentAssumed office November 13, 2023Preceded byDavid Cicilline Personal detailsBornGabriel Felix Kofi Amo (1987-12-11) December 11, 1987 (age 36)Pawtucket, Rhode Island, U.S.Political partyDemocraticEducationWheaton College (BA)Merton College, Oxford (MSc)WebsiteHouse website Gabriel Felix Kofi Amo (born December 11, 1987)[1] is an Ame...

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Warren. Édouard de WarrenFonctionsConseiller général de Meurthe-et-Moselle20 juillet 1925 - octobre 1931Député de Meurthe-et-Moselle16 novembre 1919 - 31 mai 1932Émile SeitzPrésidentSociété générale d'immigrationBiographieNaissance 4 avril 1871Mont-Saint-AignanDécès 22 mai 1962 (à 91 ans)16e arrondissement de ParisNationalité françaiseFormation École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1891)Activité Homme politiqueAutres information...

 

 

Part of a series on theCOVID-19 pandemicScientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each ball is an atom. COVID-19 (disease) SARS-CoV-2 (virus) Cases Deaths Timeline 2019 2020 January responses February responses March responses April responses May responses June responses July responses August responses September responses October responses November responses December responses 2021 January responses February responses March responses April responses May re...