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Carolina Henriette MacGillavry
Carolina Henriette MacGillavry
Born	22 January 1904; Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Died	9 May 1993; Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Nationality	Dutch
Alma mater	University of Amsterdam
Occupation(s)	Chemist and crystallographer
Known for	Discoveries about diffraction in crystallography
Spouse	J. H. Nieuwenhuijsen
	Scientific career
Doctoral advisor	Adriaan H. W. Aten
Other academic advisors	Johannes Martin Bijvoet
Doctoral students	Clara Brink Shoemaker; Philip Coppens

Carolina Henriette MacGillavry (22 January 1904 in Amsterdam – 9 May 1993 in Amsterdam) was a Dutch chemist and crystallographer. She is known for her discoveries on the use of diffraction in crystallography.

Biography

MacGillavry (nicknamed "Mac") was born the second of six children in an intellectual family (her father was a brain surgeon, her mother a teacher).^[1]

Education

In 1921, MacGillavry began studying chemistry at the University of Amsterdam. After graduating in 1925, she developed an interest in the (then) emerging field of quantum mechanics. In 1928, she gave "a very topical" presentation on quantum mechanical calculations on the hydrogen molecule.^[1]

She obtained her Master's degree (cum laude) on March 16, 1932, and continued to work as an assistant to a chemist named A. Smits. She became a friend of J. M. Bijvoet, and became interested in crystallography which led to her 1937 PhD thesis on the subject, which she completed cum laude with Prof. AHW Aten on 27 January 1937. She then became an assistant to A. E. van Arkel at Leiden, but Bijvoet asked her to come back to the Amsterdam crystallography laboratory that same year. Together with Bijvoet, she researched electromagnetic diffraction and its use in crystallography. She also did research in inorganic chemistry.^[1]

Crystallography

After World War II, MacGillavry was one of the developers of direct methods, an innovative calculus that could be used in crystallography. The method uses the Harker–Kasper inequality, that was first published in 1948 by crystallographers D. Harker and J. S. Kasper. Due to her work on Harker–Kasper inequalities, she became an international authority on the subject and co-authored the standard text about it in the Netherlands.^[2]

In 1948 she worked with R. Pepinsky in Auburn, Alabama, for a year. The Dutch company Philips also grew interested in her work on the chemistry of solids.

In 1950 she became the first woman to be appointed to the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.^[3]^[4] In the same year she became a professor at the University of Amsterdam and she retired in 1972.^[3]

In 1986, In the English-speaking world MacGillavry became famous for her book Symmetry aspects of M. C. Escher's periodic drawings on the works of the Dutch graphic artist M. C. Escher.^[1]^[5] The book was instrumental in drawing international attention to the artist.

Personal life

MacGillavry married the oto-rhino-laryngologist J. H. Nieuwenhuijsen in 1968.

She died 9 May 1993 in Amsterdam and is buried in Utrecht.

A street in Watergraafsmeer, the Netherlands, is named in her honor.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bruinvels-Baker, M.Th. (2013-11-12). "MAC GILLAVRY, Carolina Henriette (1904-1993)". resources.huygens.knaw.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2022-03-12.
^ Ogilvie, M. B., & Harvey, J. D. (2000). The biographical dictionary of women in science: Pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century. New York: Routledge. p 821. ISBN 978-0-415-92038-4
^ ^a ^b "Carolina MacGillavry zeventig jaar vrouwen binnen de Akademie" (in Dutch). Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. 4 June 2020. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020.
^ "Carolina Henriëtte MacGillavry (1904 - 1993)" (in Dutch). Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
^ MacGillavry, Caroline H. (1986-01-01). "The symmetry of M. C. Escher's "impossible" images". Computers & Mathematics with Applications. 12 (1, Part B): 123–138. doi:10.1016/0898-1221(86)90146-X. ISSN 0898-1221.