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Capture of Fort William and Mary
	Part of the American Revolutionary War
	; Surrender of Fort William and Mary by Howard Pyle
Date	December 14, 1774
Location	New Castle, New Hampshire43°04′16.75″N 70°42′36.74″W / 43.0713194°N 70.7102056°W
Result	Gunpowder and other military supplies appropriated
Belligerents
Militia of the Province of New Hampshire	Great Britain
Commanders and leaders
John Langdon; John Sullivan; Alexander Scammell	Captain John Cochran
Strength
300+	6

The Capture of Fort William and Mary took place in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on December 14, 1774, when local Patriots led by John Langdon stormed Fort William and Mary guarding the mouth of the busy seaport. They overcame a six-man caretaker detachment and seized the garrison's powder, which was distributed through several towns in the colony for potential use in the looming struggle against Great Britain. On December 15, 1774, patriots led by John Sullivan again raided the fort, this time seizing numerous cannons, later used in the pivotal Battle of Bunker Hill.

The incident is significant as one of the first overt acts of the American Revolutionary War^[1] and the only battle to take place in the state of New Hampshire.^[2]

Background

As tensions increased before the American Revolutionary War, British Prime Minister Lord North's government became concerned that the profusion of arms in New England would lead to bloodshed. On October 19, 1774, King George III issued a confidential Order in Council forbidding the export of arms and powder to America.^[3]^[4] Word of the order reached operatives in New England's patriot movement.^[5]

The port at Boston had been closed in punishment for the Boston Tea Party, and the Portsmouth Committee of Correspondence kept in close contact with friends of liberty in Boston. Tensions in Massachusetts nearly erupted into violence in the fall of 1774 when redcoats seized provincial gunpowder during the so-called Powder Alarm. Upon learning of the Order in Council, patriots feared that the British military would make another attempt to seize colonial stores. Patriots in Rhode Island moved munitions from the fort at Newport inland for safekeeping without incident. In Massachusetts, rumors flew that troops from Boston were headed to reinforce Fort William and Mary and seize its powder and arms. On December 13, 1774, four months before his more famous ride in Massachusetts, Paul Revere rode to Portsmouth to sound the alarm. Once he arrived in Portsmouth, Revere met with Samuel Cutts, a local merchant, and together they worked with local Patriots on a plan for the fort.^[6]

Raid

On the morning of December 14, Patriots from the town of New Castle unsuccessfully attempted to take the gunpowder at Fort William and Mary by trickery. Meanwhile, John Langdon made his way through Portsmouth with a drummer, collecting a crowd to descend on the fort. Several hundred men responded to his call, setting out for the Castle by way of the Piscataqua River. Only one provincial officer, Captain John Cochran, and five provincial soldiers were stationed at Fort William and Mary. Despite the odds against them, they refused to capitulate to Patriot demands. When Langdon's men rushed the fort, the defenders opened fire with three cannons and a volley of musket shot.^[7] Patriots stormed the walls and Cochran's men engaged in hand-to-hand fighting before being subdued by an overwhelming number of raiders. Langdon's volunteers not only broke open the powder house and absconded with about 100 barrels of gunpowder but, to three cheers, hauled down the fort's huge British flag and stomped upon it. Several injuries but no deaths occurred in the engagement, and Cochran and his men were released after about an hour and a half of confinement.

The next day, additional rebel forces arrived in Portsmouth from across the colony, as well as from Maine. Led by John Sullivan, who was accompanied by Major Alexander Scammell, the rebels returned to the fort late on the night of December 15.^[8] The post was overrun without gunfire and muskets, military supplies and 16 cannons marked as the property of the King were removed. British authorities declared the raids—for which Sullivan later received a stipend from the Continental Congress—high treason. Striking the British colors at Fort William and Mary was the first time British citizens had ever shown such disdain for their country by striking its flag, and having done so in such a contemptuous manner, so infuriated King George III that he forbad further negotiations with the Colonies over their grievances and the American Revolutionary War became inevitable. The battle of Fort William and Mary is known in New Hampshire as "The Shot Not Heard Around the World."

Aftermath

In response to a call for aid from Boston by British Governor John Wentworth, the armed hydrographic survey sloop Canceaux arrived to keep the peace in New Hampshire on December 17,^[9] followed by the twenty-gun frigate Scarborough on December 19, with numerous Royal Marines aboard. The Governor and his family were driven from their home in Portsmouth in the summer of 1775 and forced to take refuge in the fort, guarded by the guns of British warships. Britain finally gave up on the colony of New Hampshire in order to focus attention on the military situation in Massachusetts and abandoned the fort, removing its remaining equipment to Boston along with Governor Wentworth. The abandonment of New Hampshire by the British and departure of it royal governor prompted the citizenry to declare, with wily dismay, this abandonment forces New Hampshire to establish self rule as necessary to end this lawless state of affairs on January 5, 1776. While this action was not a forthright declaration of independence since such action would constitute high treason, the effect was the same. New Hampshire did not unequivocally declare its independence from Great Britain until June 15, 1776, two months after Rhode Island became the first state to make such declaration and was one of three former colonies to already be independent states when the Continental Congress voted to declare independence on July 2, 1776.

The supplies captured by Patriots in December 1774 were later used by New Hampshire's forces against the British military, including in the Siege of Boston and at the Battle of Bunker Hill.^[10]^[11] Conversely, supplies (including numerous cannon) left in the fort by Patriots following the raids were subsequently put to use by the British forces. After the British abandoned the fort in the Revolution, the Patriots probably renamed it Fort Hancock.^[12]

The plaque currently on the fort is dedicated "In commemoration of the first victory of the American Revolution. The capture, on this site of Fort William and Mary, 14–15 December 1774."^[13]

References

^ Sign commemorates William & Mary Raids of 1774 against British fort in NH
^ When Paul Revere Rode to New Hampshire
^ Crout, Robert Rhodes, "Diplomacy of the American Revolution", in Encyclopedia of the American Revolution: Library of Military History. Ed. Harold E. Selesky. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006. 318-321. U.S. History in Context.
^ J. Franklin Jameson, "St. Eustatius in the American Revolution", The American Historical Review, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Jul., 1903), p.687
^ Revolutionary New England, 1691-1776
^ The Midday Ride of Paul Revere
^ Cobbett's Parliamentary History of England, A letter directly from Captain Cochran describing the events.
^ Alexander Scammell, the Lovesick Revolutionary War Hero
^ Conforti, Joseph, Creating Portland: History and Place in Northern New England (2007) pp.55-58
^ Historic Powder Houses of New England: Arsenals of American Independence
^ POWDER FOR BUNKER HILL; HOW FORT WILLIAM AND MARY WAS CAPTURED. THE TRUE HISTORY OF THE SEIZURE AT NEW-CASTLE, N.H.--SOME GLARING MISSTATEMENTS CORRECTED.
^ Roberts, pp. 498-499
^ FORT CONSTITUTION HISTORIC SITE, see photo

Bibliography

Roberts, Robert B. (1988). Encyclopedia of Historic Forts: The Military, Pioneer, and Trading Posts of the United States. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-926880-X.