Captain Jack's Stronghold

Significant dates

Captain Jack's Stronghold
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Historic district
California Historical Landmark No. 9

Captain Jack's Stronghold
Show map of California Show map of the United States
Nearest city	Tulelake, California
Coordinates	41°49′18″N 121°30′18″W / 41.82167°N 121.50500°W / 41.82167; -121.50500
Area	460 acres (190 ha)
Built	1873
NRHP reference No.	73000259^[1]
CHISL No.	9
Added to NRHP	September 20, 1973
Designated CHISL	June 1, 1932^[2]

Captain Jack's Stronghold was a holdout of the Modoc people that is located between Tulelake and Canby, California. The stronghold, which is now part of Lava Beds National Monument, is named for Native American chief Kintpuash who was also known as Captain Jack. During the Modoc War in 1873, Captain Jack along with 53 Modoc warriors, and numerous women and children in a band of 160, managed to hold out against the United States Army which outnumbered them by as much as 10 to 1 for several months.

The Modoc retreated to this area because it was part of their traditional territory where they had hunted and lived before the start of the California genocide, when agents of the United States government assisted by private citizens began the systematic killing of thousands of indigenous peoples of California in the mid-19th century. Many of the brutal acts carried out against native populations were encouraged, tolerated, and perpetuated by state authorities and militias.^[3]

History

After the Battle of Lost River in November 1872, Captain Jack's band settled into the area around stronghold for several months. The Modoc used the lava beds as a defensive stronghold because of the rough terrain, rocks that could be used in fortification, and irregular pathways to evade pursuers.

On January 17, 1873 a combined U.S. Army command of 225 soldiers supported by 104 Oregon and California volunteers were defeated by 51 Modoc warriors at the First Battle of the Stronghold. A total of 35 Whites were killed and many wounded while the Modoc suffered no deaths or serious injuries.^[4] The Second Battle of the Stronghold took place on April 15–17. After getting additional reinforcements, the US force captured the stronghold's spring as well as cutting off access to Tule Lake. The attack resulted in the death of one officer and six enlisted men while thirteen soldiers were wounded. Reportedly the only Modoc casualty was a boy who was killed when a cannonball he tried to open with an axe, exploded and several Modoc women who died from sickness.

After being cut off from their only water sources, the Modoc escaped on April 17. They used a crevice that had been left unguarded while US troops were moved from one position to another in preparation for the final assault on the stronghold. Over the next few weeks, most of the band were caught. The last group, which was made up of Captain Jack, John Schonchin, Black Jim, and Boston Charley, were finally captured on June 1, 1873. After being convicted of murdering General Edward Canby and Reverend Eleazer Thomas at a peace parley in April 1873, Captain Jack and the three others were hanged on October 3, 1873, at Fort Klamath. Canby would be the only US general to be killed in the Indian Wars.

Historic site

On June 1, 1932, Captain Jack's Stronghold was designated "California Historical Landmark #9".

References

Captain Jack's Stronghold (Lava Beds National Monument)

^ "National Register Information System – (#73000259)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ "Captain Jack's Stronghold". Office of Historic Preservation, California State Parks. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
^ Adhikari, Mohamed (July 25, 2022). Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. pp. 72–115. ISBN 978-1647920548.
^ Brown, D (1970). Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee. Holt, Rinehart & Winston Inc. p. 219.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Captain Jack's Stronghold.

v t e National Register of Historic Places in Lava Beds National Monument
Historic districts	Captain Jack's Stronghold Hospital Rock Army Camp Site Lava Beds National Monument Archeological District
NRHP properties	Black Cow Spring Cuppy Cave Petroglyph Point Archeological Site Seven Mile Flat Site Skull Ridge Skull Spring Thomas-Wright Battle Site
See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Lava Beds National Monument

v t e U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Topics	Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types
Lists by state	List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Lists by insular areas	American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands
Lists by associated state	Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau
Other areas	District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco
Related	National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places portal Category

Read other articles:

Balapulang Kulon, Balapulang, Tegal

Balapulang KulonDesaNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TengahKabupatenTegalKecamatanBalapulangKode pos52464Kode Kemendagri33.28.04.2019 Luas... km²Jumlah penduduk... jiwaKepadatan... jiwa/km² Balapulang Kulon adalah salah satu desa di Kecamatan Balapulang, Tegal, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia dan merupakan ibu kota dari kecamatan tersebut. Pada masa pemerintahan Hindia Belanda pernah berdirilah Pabrik Gula Balapulang di wilayah ini yang merupakan salah satu penghasil sentral gula pada masa itu, tet...

Nubians

Ethnolinguistic group native to northern Sudan and southern Egypt This article is about Ethno-linguistic group. For the people in Uganda, see Nubians (Uganda). For indigenous ethnic groups who inhabit the Nuba Mountains of South Kordofan state in Sudan, see Nuba peoples. NubiansNobīالنوبيونRegions with significant populations Sudan167,831 (1956 census)[1] 792,000[2][3][4] Egypt99,000 (1960s)[5] 300,000[6]–5,000,000[7]...

Pembantaian Bucha

Pembantaian BuchaBagian dari Pertempuran Bucha dalam Serangan KyivWarga Bucha yang dilaporkan dibunuh oleh pasukan Rusia.LokasiBucha, Oblast Kyiv, UkrainaKoordinat50°32′55″N 30°13′15″E / 50.54861°N 30.22083°E / 50.54861; 30.22083Koordinat: 50°32′55″N 30°13′15″E / 50.54861°N 30.22083°E / 50.54861; 30.22083TanggalMaret 2022SasaranPendudukJenis seranganEksekusipembunuhan orang-orang yang berjalan di jalan, penyiksaan, dugaan...

العلاقات المالديفية الكوبية

العلاقات المالديفية الكوبية كوبا المالديف كوبا تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات المالديفية الكوبية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين المالديف وكوبا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة [[تصنيف:صفح�...

Crème brûlée

Crème brûléeSajianMakanan penutupDaerahPrancis, Inggris, Spanyol, Belanda, PortugalSuhu penyajianSuhu kamarBahan utamaKrim, gula, telur atau kuning telur, vanilaSunting kotak info • L • BBantuan penggunaan templat ini Buku resep: Crème brûlée Media: Crème brûlée Pecahkan lapisan atas crème brûlée Prancis yang keras dengan sendok Crème brûlée atau crème brulée (/ˌkrɛm bruːˈleɪ/; pengucapan bahasa Prancis: [kʁɛm bʁy.le]), juga dikenal dengan...

Gibárt

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Gibárt – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Place in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, HungaryGibártGibártLocation of GibártCoordinates: 48°18′56″N 21°09′38″E / 48.3155°N 21.16048°...

Maarten den Bakker

Cet article est une ébauche concernant un coureur cycliste néerlandais. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?). Pour plus d’informations, voyez le projet cyclisme. Maarten den BakkerMaarten den Bakker en 2007.InformationsNaissance 26 janvier 1969 (55 ans)AbbenbroekNationalité néerlandaiseÉquipe actuelle WV De Jonge Renner (directeur sportif)Équipes amateurs 06.2009-12.2009[n 1]Van Vliet-EBH ElshofÉquipes professionnelles 1990-1991PDM-Concorde...

Magasin STANAG

Magasin STANAG : Magasin isi 20 butir buatan Colt, dan magasin isi 30 butir buatan Heckler & Koch. Magasin STANAG T91 isi 30 butir dilengkapi dengan indikator kapasitas peluru. SA80 dilengkapi dengan Magasin STANAG Magasin STANAG adalah magasin yang memungkinkan para anggota NATO untuk saling berbagi dan memakai magasin STANAG yang sama, magasin ini pertama kali diperkenalkan pada tahun 1980[1] setelah NATO menerima penggunaan peluru kaliber 5,56 x 45 mm NATO dalam operasinya...

Gisela (singer)

Spanish singer and voice actress (born 1979) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Lladó and the second or maternal family name is Cánovas. GiselaGisela in 2008Background informationBirth nameGisela Lladó CánovasBorn (1979-01-01) 1 January 1979 (age 45)El Bruc, Barcelona, SpainGenresLatin popInstrument(s)VocalsYears active2001–presentLabelsVale Music (2001–2002)Universal (2002–2005)Filmax (2006–2009)Notton Music (2010–2015)Wonderful Kids (2015)Websi...

UTS-UC Hawks Handball Club

This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: UTS-UC Hawks Handball Club – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2024) Hawks HCFull nameUTS-UC Hawks Handball ClubShort nameHawksFoundedJune 2016Head coachRichard RidleyLeagueHandball League AustraliaClub colours...

Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism

U.S. diplomatic office Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat AntisemitismSeal of the United States Department of StateAgency overviewFormed2004; 20 years ago (2004)JurisdictionExecutive branch of the United StatesAnnual budget$1.75 million (2024)Agency executiveDeborah Lipstadt, Special Envoy (ambassador-at-large)Parent departmentU.S. Department of StateWebsiteOfficial website The Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism (formerly the Office...

Maurice Bourlon

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Bourlon (homonymie). Ne doit pas être confondu avec Maurice Bourgon, archéologue collaborateur de Denis Peyrony sur le site du Pech-de-l'Azé (Carsac-Aillac, 1949-1953). Maurice Bourlon Archéologue Maurice Bourlon à Laugerie-Basse, en 1911 Présentation Naissance 18 octobre 1875Bourges Décès 21 août 1914 (à 38 ans)Higny Nationalité France modifier Maurice Louis Marie Bourlon est un officier et préhistorien français né le 18 octobre 187...

Justin Hurwitz

American composer and screenwriter Justin HurwitzHurwitz in 2016Born (1985-01-22) January 22, 1985 (age 39)Los Angeles, California, U.S.[1]EducationNicolet High SchoolAlma materHarvard UniversityOccupation(s)Composer, screenwriter Justin Hurwitz[2] (born January 22, 1985)[1] is an American film composer and a television writer. He is best known for his longtime collaboration with director Damien Chazelle, scoring each of his films: Guy and Madeline on a Park ...

Waldensian Evangelical Church

Italian Protestant denomination For the broader movement, see Waldensians. For current Protestant union in Italy after the union with Methodists in 1975, see Union of Methodist and Waldensian Churches.Waldensian Evangelical ChurchChiesa Evangelica ValdeseSeal of the Waldensian ChurchTypeReligious sectOrientationWaldensianScriptureChristian BibleTheologyReformed theologyPolityPresbyterianAssociationsUnion of Methodist and Waldensian ChurchesFederation of Evangelical Churches in ItalyWorld All...

西遊記大結局之仙履奇緣

本條目存在以下問題，請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。此條目需要編修，以確保文法、用詞、语气、格式、標點等使用恰当。 (2013年8月6日)請按照校對指引，幫助编辑這個條目。（幫助、討論）此條目剧情、虛構用語或人物介紹过长过细，需清理无关故事主轴的细节、用語和角色介紹。 (2020年10月6日)劇情、用語和人物介紹都只是用於了解故事主軸，輔助�...

Gloria Emanuelle Widjaja

Gloria Emanuelle WidjajaInformasi pribadiNama lahirGloria Emanuelle WidjajaKebangsaanIndonesiaLahir28 Desember 1993 (umur 30)Bekasi, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaTinggi182 cm (6 ft 0 in)Berat58 kg (128 pon)PeganganKananPelatihVita MarissaGanda campuranPeringkat tertinggi6 (bersama Hafiz Faizal) (7 Mei 2019)Peringkat saat ini17 (bersama Dejan Ferdinansyah) (24 Januari 2023[1]) Rekam medali Mewakili Indonesia Kejuaraan Dunia Junior 2011 Taoyuan Gand...

Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)

Indian reality television show Bigg BossLogo used for the 17th season with host Salman KhanBased onBig BrotherPresented by Arshad Warsi Shilpa Shetty Amitabh Bachchan Salman Khan Sanjay Dutt Farah Khan Karan Johar Voices ofAtul Kapoor Vijay Vikram SinghCountry of originIndiaOriginal languageHindiNo. of seasons17No. of episodes1,708ProductionCamera setupMulti-cameraRunning time60–90 minutesProduction companyEndemol IndiaOriginal releaseNetworkSony Entertainment Television (season 1)Release3 ...

Field (agriculture)

Area of land used for agricultural purposes A field of sunflowers in Cardejón, Spain (2012) A field of rapeseeds in Kärkölä, Finland (2010) In agriculture, a field is an area of land, enclosed or otherwise, used for agricultural purposes such as cultivating crops or as a paddock or other enclosure for livestock. A field may also be an area left to lie fallow or as arable land.[1] Many farms have a field border, usually composed of a strip of shrubs and vegetation, used to provide ...

Moses Sherburne

American politician and jurist Moses G. Sherburne Moses G. Sherburne (January 25, 1808 – March 23, 1868) was an American politician and jurist. Born in Mount Vernon, Kennebec County, Maine, Sherburne studied at the academy in China, Maine. He then studied law and was admitted to the Maine bar in 1831. He practiced law in Phillips, Maine, where he served as postmaster and in the Maine Legislature, and later lived in Franklin County, Maine. Sherburne served in the Maine House of Represent...

圣若阿金

圣若阿金São Joaquim市镇圣若阿金在巴西的位置坐标：28°17′38″S 49°55′55″W / 28.2939°S 49.9319°W / -28.2939; -49.9319国家巴西州圣卡塔琳娜州面积 • 总计1,885.608 平方公里（728.037 平方英里）海拔1.36 公尺（4.46 英尺）人口（2006） • 總計23,236人 • 密度12.3人/平方公里（31.9人/平方英里）圣若阿金（葡萄牙语：São Joaquim）是巴�...