Canadian Light Source

Canadian Light Source
Established1999
Research typeSynchrotron light source
DirectorBill Matiko (CEO), Ingrid Pickering (Chief Science Officer), Mark Boland (machine director)
Staff250 (approx.)
LocationSaskatoon, Saskatchewan
Operating agency
Canadian Light Source Inc.
Websitewww.lightsource.ca
The Canadian Light Source building from the air

The Canadian Light Source (CLS) (French: Centre canadien de rayonnement synchrotron – CCRS) is Canada's national synchrotron light source facility, located on the grounds of the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.[1] The CLS has a third-generation 2.9 GeV storage ring, and the building occupies a footprint the size of a Canadian football field.[2] It opened in 2004 after a 30-year campaign by the Canadian scientific community to establish a synchrotron radiation facility in Canada.[3] It has expanded both its complement of beamlines and its building in two phases since opening. As a national synchrotron facility[4] with over 1000 individual users, it hosts scientists from all regions of Canada and around 20 other countries.[5] Research at the CLS has ranged from viruses[6] to superconductors[7] to dinosaurs,[8] and it has also been noted for its industrial science[9] and its high school education programs.[10]

History

The road to the CLS: 1972–1999

The monochromator from the first CSRF beamline, now a museum piece at the CLS
The SAL LINAC, seen at the CLS in 2011

Canadian interest in synchrotron radiation dates from 1972, when Bill McGowan of the University of Western Ontario (UWO) organised a workshop on its uses. At that time there were no users of synchrotron radiation in Canada. In 1973 McGowan submitted an unsuccessful proposal to the National Research Council (NRC) for a feasibility study on a possible synchrotron lightsource in Canada. In 1975 a proposal to build a dedicated synchrotron lightsource in Canada was submitted to NRC. This was also unsuccessful. In 1977 Mike Bancroft, also of UWO, submitted a proposal to NRC to build a Canadian beamline, as the Canadian Synchrotron Radiation Facility (CSRF), at the existing Synchrotron Radiation Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA, and in 1978 newly created NSERC awarded capital funding. CSRF, owned and operated by NRC, grew from the initial beamline to a total of three by 1998.

A further push towards a Canadian synchrotron light source started in 1990 with formation of the Canadian Institute for Synchrotron Radiation (CISR), initiated by Bruce Bigham of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL). AECL and TRIUMF showed interest in designing the ring, but the Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory (SAL) at the University of Saskatchewan became prominent in the design. In 1991 CISR submitted a proposal to NSERC for a final design study. This was turned down, but in later years, under President Peter Morand, NSERC became more supportive. In 1994 NSERC committee recommended a Canadian synchrotron light source and a further NSERC committee was formed to select between two bids to host such a facility, from the Universities of Saskatchewan and Western Ontario. In 1996 this committee recommended that the Canadian Light Source be built in Saskatchewan.

With NSERC unable to supply the required funds it was not clear where funding would come from. In 1997 the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) was created to fund large scientific projects, possibly to provide a mechanism to fund the CLS. In 1998 a University of Saskatchewan team led by Dennis Skopik, the SAL director, submitted a proposal to CFI.[3] The proposal was to fund 40% of the construction costs, with remaining money having to come from elsewhere. Assembling these required matching funds has been called "an unprecedented level of collaboration among governments, universities, and industry in Canada"[11] and Bancroft – leader of the rival UWO bid – anckowledged the "Herculean" efforts of the Saskatchewan team in obtaining funds from the University, the City of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Power, NRC, the Provincial Government of Saskatchewan, and Western Economic Diversification.[3] At a late hour CFI told the proponents that it would not accept the SAL LINAC as part of the proposal, and the resulting shortfall was met in part by the spontaneous announcement by the Saskatoon city council and then Mayor Henry Dayday that they would double their contribution as long as other partners would. On 31 March 1999 the success of the CFI proposal was announced.

The following month Skopik took a position at Jefferson Lab in the USA. He decided not to stay on as director of the Saskatoon facility because his expertise was in subatomic particles, and, he argued, the head of the CLS should be a researcher who specializes in using such a facility. His successor was Mike Bancroft[11]

Construction: 1999–2004

The CLS building under construction in June 2000
CLS ring tunnel construction under way in 2001
Peter Mansbridge opens The National on top of the storage ring, 21 October 2004

At the start of the project, all staff members with the former SAL were transferred into a new not-for-profit corporation, Canadian Light Source Inc., CLSI, which had primary responsibility for the technical design, construction and operation of the facility. As a separate corporation from the University, CLSI had the legal and organizational freedom suitable for this responsibility. UMA, an experienced engineering firm, now part of AECOM, with extensive experience managing large technical and civil construction projects, was hired as project managers.[12]

The new building – attached to the existing SAL building, and measuring 84m by 83m in area with a maximum height of 23m – was completed in early 2001.[3]

Bancroft's appointment ended in October 2001 and he returned to UWO, with Mark de Jong appointed acting director. Bancroft remained as acting Scientific Director until 2004.[13]

The SAL LINAC was refurbished and placed back into service in 2002 while the booster and storage rings were still under construction.[3] First turn was achieved in the booster ring in July 2002 with full booster commissioning completed by September 2002.[14]

New director Bill Thomlinson, an expert in synchrotron medical imaging, arrived in November 2002. He was recruited from the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility where he had been the head of the medical research group.[15]

The 1991 proposal to NSERC envisioned a 1.5 GeV storage ring, since at this time the interest of the user community was mainly in the soft X-ray range. The ring was a racetrack layout of four to six bend regions surrounding straights with extra quadrupoles to allow for variable functions in the straights. The design contemplated the use of superconducting bends in some locations to boost the photon energies produced. The drawback of this design was the limited number of straight sections. In 1994 a more conventional machine with 8 straight sections was proposed, again with 1.5 GeV energy. At this time more users of hard X-rays were interested and it was felt that both the energy and number of straight sections were too low. By the time funding was secured in 1999 the design had changed to 2.9 GeV, with longer straight sections to enable two insertion devices per straight, delivering beam to two independent beamlines.[16]

Construction of the storage ring was completed in August 2003 and commissioning began the following month. Although beam could be stored, in March 2004 a large obstruction was found across the center of the chamber. Commissioning proceeded quickly after this was removed, and by June 2004 currents of 100mA could be achieved .[17]

On 22 October 2004 the CLS officially opened, with an opening ceremony attended by federal and provincial dignitaries, including then-Federal Minister of Finance Ralph Goodale and then-Saskatchewan Premier Lorne Calvert, university presidents and leading scientists. October 2004 was declared "Synchrotron Month" by the city of Saskatoon and the Saskatchewan government.[18] Peter Mansbridge broadcast the CBC's nightly newscast The National from the top of the storage ring the day before the official opening.[19] In parliament local MP Lynne Yelich said "There were many challenges to overcome, but thanks to the vision, dedication and persistence of its supporters, the Canadian Light Source synchrotron is open for business in Saskatoon."[20]

Operation and expansion: 2005–2012

The CLS building in 2008, with the expansion for the BMIT beamline on the left
The expansion for the Brockhouse beamlines under construction in July 2012

The initial funding included seven beamlines, referred to as Phase I, which covered the full spectral range: two infrared beamlines, three soft X-ray beamlines and two hard X-ray beamlines.[3] Further beamlines were built in two further phases, II (7 beamlines) and III (5 beamlines), announced in 2004 and 2006 respectively. Most of these were funded through applications to CFI by individual universities including UWO, the University of British Columbia and Guelph University[21]

In March 2005 leading infrared researcher Tom Ellis joined the CLS from Acadia University as Director of Research. He had previously spent 16 years at the Université de Montréal.[22]

The first external user was hosted in 2005, and the first research papers with results from the CLS were published in March 2006 – one from the University of Saskatchewan on peptides and the other from the University of Western Ontario on materials for organic light-emitting diodes.[23] A committee was set up in 2006 to peer review proposals for beamtime, under the chairmanship of Adam Hitchcock of McMaster University. By 2007 more than 150 external users had used the CLS,[24] and all seven of the initial beamlines had achieved significant results.[1]

The CLS building was also expanded in two phases. A glass and steel expansion was completed in 2007 to house the phase II medical imaging beamline BMIT,[25] and construction on the expansion needed to house the phase III Brockhouse beamline started in July 2011[26] and is still ongoing as of July 2012.

Bill Thomlinson retired in 2008,[27] and in May of that year physics professor Josef Hormes of the University of Bonn, former director of the CAMD synchrotron at Louisiana State University was announced as the new director.[28]

Science fiction author Robert J. Sawyer was writer-in-residence for two months in 2009 in what he called a "once in a lifetime opportunity to hang out with working scientists"[29] While there he wrote most of the novel "Wonder",[30] which won the 2012 Prix Aurora Award for best novel."[31]

By the end of 2010 more than 1000 individual researchers had used the facility, and the number of publications had passed 500.[4] From 2009–2012 several key metrics doubled, including the number of users and the number of publications, with more than 190 papers published in 2011. More than 400 proposals were received for beam time in 2012, with approximately a 50% oversubscription rate averaged over the operational beamlines. By 2012 the user community spanned all regions of Canada and around 20 other countries.[5] That year a high school group from La Loche Saskatchewan became the first to use the purpose built educational beamline IDEAS.[32] Also in 2012 the CLS signed an agreement with the Advanced Photon Source synchrotron in the USA to allow Canadian researchers access to their facilities.[33]

Science

Students from Evan Hardy Collegiate presenting their data at a seminar at CLS
The REIXS beamline with CLS scientist Feizhou He

An international team led by University of Calgary professor Ken Ng solved the detailed structure of RNA polymerase using X-ray crystallography at the CLS. This enzyme replicates itself as the Norwalk virus spreads through the body, and has been linked to other superviruses such as hepatitis C, West Nile virus and the common cold. Its duplication is responsible for the onset of such viruses.[6]

CLS scientist Luca Quaroni and University of Saskatchewan professor Alan Casson used infrared microscopy to identify biomarkers inside individual cells from tissue associated with Barrett's esophagus. This disease can lead to an aggressive form of cancer known as esophageal adenocarcinoma.[34]

Researchers from Lakehead University and the University of Saskatchewan used the CLS to investigate the deaths of Royal Navy sailors buried in Antigua in the late 1700s. They used X-ray fluorescence to look for trace elements such as lead and strontium in bones from a recently excavated naval cemetery[35]

Scientists from Stanford University worked with CLS scientists to design a cleaner, faster battery. The new battery charges in less than two minutes, thanks to a newly developed carbon nanostructure. The team grew nanocrystals of iron and nickel on carbon. Traditional batteries lack this structure, mixing iron and nickel with conductors more or less randomly. The result was a strong chemical bond between the materials, which the team identified and studied at the synchrotron.[36]

A team led by the Politecnico di Milano, including scientists from the University of Waterloo and the University of British Columbia, found the first experimental evidence that a charge density wave instability competes with superconductivity in high-temperature superconductors. They used four synchrotrons including the REIXS beamline at CLS.[7]

Using the X-ray spectromicroscopy beamline, a research team led by scientists from the State University of New York, Buffalo produced images of graphene showing how folds and ripples act as speed bumps for electrons, affecting its conductivity. This has implications for the use of graphene in a variety of future products.[37]

A collaboration between the University of Regina and the Royal Saskatchewan Museum has been investigating dinosaur fossils at the CLS, including "Scotty," a Tyrannosaurus found in Saskatchewan in 1991, one of the most complete and largest T-rex skeletons ever found. They looked at the concentration of elements in bones to study the impact of the environment on such animals.[8]

Industrial program and economic impact

Image of a cellphone taken at CLS

From inception, the CLS showed a "strong commitment to industrial users and private/public partnerships", with then-director Bancroft reporting "more than 40 letters of support from industry indicating that [the CLS] is important for what they do". The CLS has an industrial group, within the larger experimental facilities division, with industrial liaison scientists who make synchrotron techniques available to a "non-traditional" user base who are not synchrotron experts. By 2007 more than 60 projects had been carried out,[9] although in a speech in the same year, then-CLS director Bill Thomlinson said that "one of the biggest challenges for the synchrotron...is to get private users through the door", with less than 10% of time actually used by industry.

In 1999 then-Saskatoon mayor Dayday stated that "the CLS will add $122 million to Canada's GDP during construction and $12 million annually after that". An economic impact study of the two financial years 2009/10 and 10/11 showed the CLS had added $45 million per year to the Canadian GDP, or about $3 for every $1 of operating funding.[38]

The CLS has stated that "the primary means of accessing the CLS is through a system of peer review, which ensures that the proposed science is of the highest quality and permits access to the facility to any interested researcher, regardless of regional, national, academic, industrial or governmental affiliation."[21]

Official visitors

Michaëlle Jean (C) at the Canadian Light Source, with CLS Director Josef Hormes (L) and University of Saskatchewan President Peter MacKinnon (R)

Then-Prime Minister Jean Chrétien visited the CLS in November 2000 during an election campaign stop in Saskatoon.[39] He gave a speech on the mezzanine level of the building following his tour of the facility, praising the project for helping to reverse the brain drain of scientists from Canada.[40] In August 2010 then-Governor General Michaëlle Jean visited the CLS as part of a two-day tour of Saskatchewan.[41] In April 2012 the CLS was "visited" remotely by Governor General David Johnston. He was visiting the LNLS synchrotron in Brazil, during a live link-up, by video chat and remote control software, between the two facilities.[42] January 18, 2017 Canadian Science Minister Kirsty Duncan toured the complex.[43]

Medical isotope project

With the NRU reactor at the Chalk River Laboratories due to close in 2016, there was a need to find alternative sources of the medical isotope technetium-99m, a mainstay of nuclear medicine. In 2011 the Canadian Light Source received $14 Million in funding to investigate the feasibility of using an electron LINAC to produce molybdenum-99, the parent isotope of technetium-99.[44] As part of this project a 35MeV LINAC has been installed in an unused underground experimental hall previously used for photonuclear experiments with the SAL LINAC. First irradiations are planned for late summer 2012, with the results to be evaluated by the Winnipeg Health Sciences Centre.[45]

This project lead to the founding a spin-off company — Canadian Isotope Innovations Corporation (CIIC), which was described as part of CEO Rob Lamb's 'legacy of accomplishment' when he departed the facility in 2021.[46] The CIIC declared bankruptcy in 2024.[47]

Education program

High school students from La Loche at the Canadian Light Source

The CLS has an education program – "Students on the Beamlines" – funded by NSERC Promoscience. This outreach program for science allows high school students to fully experience the work of a scientist, in addition to having the chance to use the CLS beamlines.

"The program allows students the development of active research, a very rare phenomena in schools and provides direct access to the use of a particle accelerator, something even rarer!" said teacher Steve Desfosses form College Saint-Bernard, Drummondville, Quebec.[48]

Dene students from La Loche, Saskatchewan have taken part in this program twice, looking at effects of acid rain.[49] Student Jontae DesRoches commented "Elders have noticed that the landscape, where trees used to grow, there's none growing anymore. They're pretty concerned because wildlife is disappearing. Like, here there used to be rabbits and now there's none".[50] In May 2012 three student groups were at the CLS simultaneously, with the La Loche students as the first to use the IDEAS beamline.[32]

"The aim for the students," according to CLS education and outreach coordinator Tracy Walker, "is to get an authentic scientific inquiry that's different from the examples in textbooks that have been done thousands of times."[51] Students from six provinces as well as the Northwest Territories have been directly involved in experiments, some of which have yielded publishable-quality research.[5]

In 2012 the CLS was awarded the Canadian Nuclear Society's Education and Communication Award "in recognition of its commitment to community outreach, increasing public awareness of synchrotron science, and developing innovative and outstanding secondary educational programs such as Students on the Beamlines".[10]

Mezzanine at night

Technical description

Accelerators

The booster and storage rings inside the experimental hall
Chicaned undulators inside the storage ring

Injection system

The injection system consists of a 250 MeV LINAC, a low energy transfer line, a 2.9 GeV booster synchrotron and a high energy transfer line.[52] The LINAC was operated for over 30 years as part of the Saskatchewan Accelerator Lab[53] and operates at 2856 MHz. The 78m low energy transfer line takes the electrons from the below-ground LINAC to the ground level booster in the newer CLS building, via two vertical chicanes. The full energy 2.9 GeV booster, chosen to give high orbit stability in the storage ring, operates at 1 Hz, with an RF frequency of 500 MHz, unsynchronised with the LINAC. This results in significant beam loss at the extraction energy.[52]

Storage ring

The storage ring cell structure has a fairly compact lattice with twelve straight sections available for injection, RF cavities and 9 sections available for insertion devices. Each cell has two bending magnets detuned to allow some dispersion in the straights – the so-called double-bend achromat structure – and thus reduce the overall beam size. As well as the two bend magnets each cell has three families of quadrupole magnets and two families of sextupole magnets. The ring circumference is 171m, with a straight section length of 5.2m.[54] The CLS is the smallest of the newer synchrotron facilities, which results in a relatively high horizontal beam emittance of 18.2 nm-rad.[1] The CLS was also one of the first facilities to chicane two undulators in one straight section, to maximize the number of insertion device beamlines.[24]

All five of the phase I X-ray beamlines use insertion devices. Four use permanent magnet undulators designed and assembled at the CLS, including one in-vacuum undulator and one elliptically polarized undulator (EPU). The HXMA beamline uses a superconducting wiggler built by the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics in Novosibirsk.[24] Phase II added two further devices including another Budker superconducting wiggler, for the BMIT beamline.[55] Phase III will add four more devices, filling 8 of the 9 available straight sections. Longer term development includes the replacement of two of the phase I undulators with elliptically polarizing devices.[56]

Since 2021, the ring operates in a top-up mode during normal user operations,[57] injecting every few minutes to maintain a stable ring current just below 220 mA. Prior to this change, the ring operated with a fill current of 250mA in decay mode, with two injections per day.[4] Facility status is shown on a "machine status" webpage, and using the CLSFC account on Twitter.[58]

Superconducting RF cavity

The CLS was the first light source to use a superconducting RF (SRF) cavity in the storage ring from the beginning of operations.[24] The niobium cavity is based on the 500 MHz design used at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR) which allows potentially beam-perturbing high order modes to propagate out of the cavity where they can be very effectively damped.[54] The superconducting nature of the niobium cavity means only 0.02% of the RF power put into the cavity is wasted in heating the cavity as compared to roughly 40% for normal-conducting (copper) cavities. However, a large portion of this power saving - about 160 kW out of the 250 kW saved - is needed to power the cryogenic plant required to supply liquid helium to the cavity. The SRF cavity at CLS is fed with RF from a 310 kW Thales klystron.

Beamlines

Layout of beamlines at the Canadian Light Source synchrotron
ID Name Port assigned[59] Phase Source Energy range (keV unless stated) Usage
BioXAS Life science beamline for X-ray absorption spectroscopy 3 Wiggler,
in-vacuum undulator[56] 		Life- and environmental science research using X-ray absorption spectroscopy and imaging.[21]
BMIT-BM Biomedical Imaging and Therapy 05B1-1 2 Bending Magnet 8–40 Imaging small to medium-sized animals (up to sheep size)[60]
BMIT-ID Biomedical Imaging and Therapy 05ID-2 2 Wiggler 20–100 Higher energy and larger animal capabilities than possible on the BM line[21]
BXDS Brockhouse X-ray diffraction and scattering sector 3 In-vacuum undulator and wiggler Resonant- and non-resonant, small and wide angle X-ray scattering. X-ray diffraction.[21]
CMCF-ID Canadian Macromolecular crystallography Facility 08ID-1 1 in-vacuum undulator 6.5–18 Macromolecular crystallography beamline suitable for studying small crystals and crystals with large unit cells.[61]
CMCF-BM Canadian Macromolecular Crystallography Facility 08B1-1 2 Bending Magnet 4–18 High throughput macromolecular crystallography.[21]
Far IR High Resolution Far Infrared spectroscopy 02B1-1 1 Bending Magnet 10–1000 cm−1 Ultrahigh resolution infrared spectroscopy of gas-phase molecules[62]
HXMA Hard X-ray micro-Analysis 06ID-1 1 Wiggler 5–40 X-ray absorption fine structure, X-ray microprobe, X-ray diffraction[63]
IDEAS Educational beamline Bending Magnet Purpose-built educational beamline[32]
Mid IR Mid IR Spectromicroscopy 01B1-1 1 Bending Magnet 560–6000 cm−1 Infrared spectromicroscopic imaging at diffraction-limited spatial resolution, and photoacoustic spectroscopy[64]
OSR Optical Synchrotron Radiation 02B1-2 1 Bending Magnet Accelerator beam diagnostic beamline operating in the visible range.[65]
QMSC Quantum Materials Spectroscopy Centre 3 Double EPU[56] Spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.[21]
REIXS Resonant Elastic and Inelastic X-ray Scattering 10ID-2 2 EPU 80–2000 eV Soft X-ray emission spectroscopy and resonant soft X-ray scattering.[21]
SGM High Resolution Spherical Grating Monochromator 11ID-1 1 EPU[66] 240–2000 eV X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. Interchangeable endstations, allows use of non-UHV-compatible samples[67]
SM Soft X-ray Spectromicroscopy 10ID-1 1 EPU 100–2000 eV Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy, Photoemission electron microscopy.[68]
SXRMB Soft X-ray Microcharacterization Beamline 06B1-1 2 Bending Magnet 1.7–10 X-ray absorption fine structure, X-ray microprobe.[69]
SyLMAND Synchrotron Laboratory for Micro And Nano Devices 05B2-1 2 Bending Magnet 1–15 Deep X-ray lithography with large area format[70]
VESPERS Very Sensitive Elemental and Structural Probe Employing Radiation from a Synchrotron 07B2-1 2 Bending Magnet 6–30 Hard X-ray microprobe using X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence. X-ray absorption spectroscopy.[71]
VLS-PGM Variable Line Spacing Plane Grating Monochromator 11ID-2 1 EPU[66] 5.5–250 eV High resolution X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy[72]
XSR X-Ray Synchrotron Radiation 02B2 1 Bending Magnet Accelerator beam diagnostic beamline operating in the X-ray range.[73]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Cutler, Jeffrey; Hallin, Emil; de Jong, Mark; Thomlinson, William; Ellis, Thomas (2007). "The Canadian Light Source: The newest synchrotron in the Americas". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A. 582 (1): 11–13. Bibcode:2007NIMPA.582...11C. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2007.08.086.
  2. ^ Bisby, Mark; Maitland, Peter (2005). "CIHR Research: Re-Inventing the Microscope: The Canadian Light Source (CLS)". Healthcare Quarterly. 8 (2): 22–23. doi:10.12927/hcq..17051. PMID 15828560.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Bancroft, G. M. (2004). "The Canadian Light Source – History and scientific prospects". Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 82 (6): 1028–1042. doi:10.1139/v04-027.
  4. ^ a b c "Status of the CLS – new opportunities for Physics research in Canada". Physics in Canada. 61: 21. January 2011. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  5. ^ a b c Ellis, Thomas (2012). "Canadian Light Source Hitting its Stride". Synchrotron Radiation News. 82 (3): 1028–1042. Bibcode:2012SRNew..25...35E. doi:10.1080/08940886.2012.683354. S2CID 122255942.
  6. ^ a b "U of C researcher cracks Norwalk code". 20 March 2008. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  7. ^ a b "Synchrotrons help bring superconductors out of the cold". 13 July 2012. Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  8. ^ a b "Professor uses new technology to shed light on dinosaur bones". 28 December 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  9. ^ a b Cutler, J.; Christensen, C.; Kotzer, T.G.; Ogunremi, T; Pushparajah, T.; Warner, J. (2007). "The Canadian Light Source – A new tool for industrial research". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B. 261 (1–2): 859–862. Bibcode:2007NIMPB.261..859C. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2007.04.051.
  10. ^ a b "Synchrotron recognized for educational excellence". 11 June 2012. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  11. ^ a b "Synchrotron: Canadian Light Source 70 years in the making'",The Star-Phoenix 20 October 2004
  12. ^ "Industrial involvement in the construction of synchrotron lightsources" (PDF). 2004. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  13. ^ "CLS Newsletter October 2001". Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2006.
  14. ^ "Commissioning report of the CLS booster synchrotron" (PDF). 2004. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  15. ^ "Thomlinson to head CLS Nov. 1". 9 August 2002. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  16. ^ "The Canadian Light Source" (PDF). 2003. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  17. ^ "Canadian Light Source status and commissioning results" (PDF). 2004. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  18. ^ "October declared Synchrotron Month". 24 September 2004. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  19. ^ "Dignitaries gather to mark synchrotron's grand opening". 5 November 2004. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  20. ^ "Lynne Yelich on Canadian Light Source". 21 October 2004. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h "Progress at Canada's national synchrotron facility: the Canadian Light Source" (PDF). 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  22. ^ "Leading Scientist Recruited as Research Director for Canadian Light Source at the U of S". 1 March 2005. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  23. ^ "Research results begin to flow from synchrotron". 18 April 2006. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  24. ^ a b c d Hallin, Emil; de Jong, Mark; Ellis, Thomas; Thomlinson, William; Dalzell, Matthew (2012). "Canadian Light Source Facility Update". Synchrotron Radiation News. 19 (6): 7–12. doi:10.1080/08940880601064950. S2CID 123120504.
  25. ^ "Canada's medical imaging "crown jewel" takes shape". 1 December 2007. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  26. ^ "CLS Newsletter". 27 July 2011. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  27. ^ CLS Newsletter June 2007
  28. ^ "Canadian Light Source names new executive director". 20 May 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  29. ^ "Famed sci-fi author to be writer-in-residence at synchrotron". CBC News. 8 January 2009. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  30. ^ Sawyer, Robert J. (2011). Wonder. Toronto: Penguin Group (Canada). Acknowledgements. ISBN 978-0-670-06743-5.
  31. ^ "Prix Aurora Awards". Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  32. ^ a b c "Synchrotron hub of high school student research". 28 May 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  33. ^ "Advanced Photon Source, Canadian Light Source Strengthen Ties, Expand X-ray Technology and Research". 18 June 2012. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  34. ^ "Researchers Shed Light on Esophageal Disease". 8 June 2009. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  35. ^ "Synchrotron reveals tales told by old bones". 30 April 2012. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  36. ^ "A cleaner, faster battery". 9 July 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  37. ^ "Canadian Light Source spots speed bumps in graphene's electron highway". 15 August 2011. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  38. ^ "Canadian Light Source making positive economic, scientific impacts for Canada". 22 November 2011. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  39. ^ "Prime Minister makes election stop at Synchrotron". 24 November 2000. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  40. ^ "Prime Minister Chrétien Visits CLS in Saskatoon". 26 June 2012. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  41. ^ "Michaëlle Jean wraps up Sask. visit". CBC News. 24 August 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  42. ^ "Saskatoon synchrotron operated via Brazil". 29 April 2012. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  43. ^ "Minister Duncan Visit". 18 January 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  44. ^ "Sask. Synchrotron to make medical isotopes". CBC News. 24 November 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  45. ^ "Producing medical isotopes using X-rays" (PDF). 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  46. ^ "USask and Canadian Light Source announce Executive Director Rob Lamb's retirement".
  47. ^ "Canadian Isotope Innovations Corp".
  48. ^ "Le synchrotron de Saskatoon mis à la portée de jeunes scientifiques du Collège Saint-Bernard" Archived 15 January 2013 at archive.today,L'Express 3 March 2012
  49. ^ "Northern Exposure: Students from Saskatchewan's North do synchrotron science". October 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  50. ^ "Experiment teaches students hands-on chemistry curriculum". 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  51. ^ "Particle accelerating ... in high school". 10 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  52. ^ a b "Injection system for the Canadian Light Source" (PDF). 2004. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  53. ^ Blomqvist, I.; Dallin, L.; Hallin, E.; Lowe, D.; Silzer, R.; De Jong, M. (2001). "The Canadian Light Source: an update" (PDF). 19th Particle Accelerator Conference (Pac 2001): 2680. Bibcode:2001pac..conf.2680B. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  54. ^ a b Blomqvist, I.; Dallin, L.; Hallin, E.; Lowe, D.; Silzer, R.; De Jong, M. (2001). "The Canadian Light Source: an update" (PDF). 19th Particle Accelerator Conference (Pac 2001): 2680. Bibcode:2001pac..conf.2680B. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  55. ^ "Insertion devices". Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  56. ^ a b c "Insertion Device Development at the Canadian Light Source" (PDF). 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  57. ^ Wurtz, W.A.; Baribeau, C.K.; Sigrist, M.J. (2023). "Rectifying unexpected injection issues due to an elliptically polarizing undulator". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 1048: 168001. Bibcode:2023NIMPA104868001W. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2022.168001. ISSN 0168-9002. S2CID 255182262.
  58. ^ "Three useful Twitter case studies". 5 February 2011. Archived from the original on 13 June 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  59. ^ "Beamlines". Archived from the original on 27 July 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  60. ^ Wysokinski, Tomasz W.; Chapman, Dean; Adams, Gregg; Renier, Michel; Suortti, Pekka; Thomlinson, William (2007). "Beamlines of the biomedical imaging and therapy facility at the Canadian light source—Part 1" (PDF). Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A. 582 (1): 73–76. Bibcode:2007NIMPA.582...73W. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2007.08.087. hdl:10138/162090.
  61. ^ Grochulski, P.; Fodje, M. N.; Gorin, J.; Labiuk, S. L.; Berg, R. (2011). "Beamline 08ID-1, the prime beamline of the Canadian Macromolecular Crystallography Facility". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 18 (4): 681–684. doi:10.1107/S0909049511019431. PMID 21685687.
  62. ^ May, Tim; Appadoo, Dominique; Ellis, Thomas; Reininger, Ruben (2006). "Infrared Beamlines at the Canadian Light Source". AIP Conference Proceedings. 882: 579–582. doi:10.1063/1.2436127.
  63. ^ Jiang, D. T.; Chen, N.; Zhang, L.; Malgorzata, K.; Wright, G.; Igarashi, R.; Beuregard, D.; Kirkham, M.; McKibben, M. (2006). "XAFS at the Canadian Light Source". AIP Conference Proceedings. 882: 893–895. doi:10.1063/1.2644695. S2CID 136888175.
  64. ^ May, Tim; Ellis, Thomas; Reininger, Ruben (2007). "Mid-infrared spectromicroscopy beamline at the Canadian Light Source". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A. 582 (1): 111–113. Bibcode:2007NIMPA.582..111M. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2007.08.074.
  65. ^ Bergstrom, John C.; Vogt, Johannes M. (2006). "The optical diagnostic beamline at the Canadian Light Source". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A. 562 (1): 495–512. Bibcode:2006NIMPA.562..495B. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2006.02.200.
  66. ^ a b Baribeau, Cameron; Pedersen, Tor; Sigrist, Michael (2019). "Virtual Shimming and Magnetic Measurements of two Long Period APPLE-II Undulators at the Canadian Light Source". Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf. IPAC2019. Boland Mark (Ed.), Tanaka Hitoshi (Ed.), Button David (Ed.), Dowd Rohan (Ed.), Schaa, Volker RW (Ed.), Tan Eugene (Ed.): 4 pages, 0.825 MB. doi:10.18429/JACOW-IPAC2019-TUPRB003.
  67. ^ Regier, T; Krochak, J; Sham, T. K.; Hu, Y. F.; Thompson, J.; Blyth, R. I. R. (2007). "Performance and capabilities of the CanadianDragon: The SGM beamline at the Canadian Light Source". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A. 582 (1): 93–95. Bibcode:2007NIMPA.582...93R. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2007.08.071.
  68. ^ Kaznatcheev, K. V.; Karunakaran, Ch.; Lanke, U. D.; Urquhart, S. G.; Obst, M.; Hitchcock, A. P. (2007). "Soft X-ray spectromicroscopy beamline at the CLS: Commissioning results". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A. 582 (1): 96–99. Bibcode:2007NIMPA.582...96K. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2007.08.083.
  69. ^ Hu, Y. F.; Coulthard, I.; Chevrier, D.; Wright, Glen; Igarashi, R.; Sitnikov, A.; Yates, B. W.; Hallin, E.; Sham, T. K.; Reininger, R.; Garrett, R.; Gentle, I.; Nugent, K.; Wilkins, S. (2009). "Preliminary Commissioning and Performance of the Soft X-ray Micro-characterization Beamline at the Canadian Light Source". AIP Conference Proceedings. 1234: 343–346. doi:10.1063/1.3463208.
  70. ^ Achenbach, Sven; Subramanian, Venkat; Klymyshyn, David; Wells, Garth (2010). "Synchrotron laboratory for micro and nano devices: facility concept and design". Microsystem Technologies. 16 (8–9): 1293–1298. Bibcode:2010MiTec..16.1293A. doi:10.1007/s00542-010-1071-3. S2CID 111276622.
  71. ^ Feng, Renfei; Dolton, Wade; Igarashi, Ru; Wright, Glen; Bradford, Morgan; McIntyre, Stewart; Garrett, R.; Gentle, I.; Nugent, K.; Wilkins, S. (2009). "Commissioning of the VESPERS Beamline at the Canadian Light Source". AIP Conference Proceedings. 1234: 315–318. doi:10.1063/1.3463199.
  72. ^ Hu, Y. F.; Zuin, L.; Wright, G.; Igarashi, R.; McKibben, M.; Wilson, T.; Chen, S. Y.; Johnson, T.; Maxwell, D.; Yates, B. W.; Sham, T. K.; Reininger, R. (207). "Commissioning and performance of the variable line spacing plane grating monochromator beamline at the Canadian Light Source". Review of Scientific Instruments. 78 (8): 083109–083109–5. Bibcode:2007RScI...78h3109H. doi:10.1063/1.2778613. PMID 17764315.
  73. ^ Bergstrom, John C.; Vogt, Johannes M. (2008). "The X-ray diagnostic beamline at the Canadian Light Source". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A. 587 (2–3): 441–457. Bibcode:2008NIMPA.587..441B. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2008.01.080.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canadian Light Source.

52°08′12.5″N 106°37′52.5″W / 52.136806°N 106.631250°W / 52.136806; -106.631250

Read other articles:

The Bacchantes (film)

1961 film by Giorgio Ferroni, The BacchantesDirected byGiorgio FerroniScreenplay by Giorgio Ferroni Giorgio Stegani[1] Based onThe Bacchaeby EuripidesProduced byGiampaolo Bigazzi[1]Starring Taina Elg Pierre Brice Alessandra Panaro CinematographyPier Ludovico Pavoni[1]Edited byGiorgio Ferroni[1]Music byMario Nascimbene[1]Productioncompanies Cine del Luca Vic Film Lyre Films[1] Release date 2 March 1961 (1961-03-02) (Italy) Runn...

 

 

Apa Kabar?

Apa Kabar?Album studio karya God BlessDirilis1 Juli 1997DirekamStudio 301, Castlereagh, SydneyGenreRockDurasi49:15LabelLogiss RecordProduserLog ZhelebourKronologi God Bless 18 Greatest Hits of God Bless (1992)'18 Greatest Hits of God Bless'1992 Apa Kabar (1997) The Greatest Slow Hits (1999)'The Greatest Slow Hits'1999 Templat:Extra album cover 2 Apa Kabar? adalah album kelima dari God Bless, yang dirilis pada tahun 1997. Lagu Apa Kabar? dalam album ini menggambarkan suka cita tentang bers...

 

 

Rein Taagepera

Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Rein Taagepera – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Rein Taagepera BiografiKelahiran28 Februari 1933 (91 tahun)Tartu Data pribadiPendidikanUniversity of Delaware (en) Universitas Toronto Kegiat...

Associazione Calcio Cesena 1976-1977

Voce principale: Associazione Calcio Cesena. AC CesenaStagione 1976-1977 Sport calcio Squadra Cesena Allenatore Giulio Corsini (1ª-3ª) Ferrario-Neri (4ª-5ª) Domenico Rosati (6ª-9ª) Ferrario-Neri (10ª-30ª) Presidente Dino Manuzzi Serie A16º (retrocesso in Serie B) Coppa ItaliaPrimo turno Coppa UEFATrentaduesimi di finale Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Oddi (30) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: De Ponti (7) 1975-1976 1977-1978 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa voce raccogli...

 

 

Linda Hogan (TV personality)

American television personality (born 1959) Linda HoganHogan in 2007BornLinda Marie Claridge (1959-08-24) August 24, 1959 (age 64)Los Angeles, California, U.S.OccupationTelevision personalityYears active1978–presentTelevisionHogan Knows Best (2005–2007)Spouse Hulk Hogan ​ ​(m. 1983; div. 2009)​PartnerCharley Hill (2008–2012)ChildrenBrooke HoganNick Hogan Linda Marie Claridge (born August 24, 1959), also known as Linda Hogan, is a...

 

 

Religious tourism

Travel to religious sites, whether spiritual or sightseeing Hajj in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, is one of the largest gatherings for religious purposes anywhere in the world. Religious tourism, spiritual tourism, sacred tourism, or faith tourism,[1] is a type of tourism with two main subtypes: pilgrimage, meaning travel for religious or spiritual purposes, and the viewing of religious monuments and artefacts, a branch of sightseeing. Types Religious tourism has been characterised in differen...

Results breakdown of the 2013 Portuguese local elections (municipal councils)

This is the results breakdown of the Portuguese local elections, 2013 for the Municipal Councils held on 29 September 2013. The following tables show detailed results in each of the country's 18 districts and 2 autonomous regions and a table with the detailed results from the most populous cities in the country. National summary of votes and seats Summary of the 29 September 2013 Municipal Councils elections results Parties Votes % ±pp swing Candidacies Councillors Mayors # ± # ± Socialist...

 

 

Costume au XVIIe siècle

Le costume au XVIIe siècle désigne une période de l'histoire du costume qui marque des changements dans les habitudes d'habillement de la société, indépendamment des nécessités vestimentaires et des traditions locales. Ce phénomène occidental prélude à l'apparition de la mode. Contexte La période de la Renaissance marque en France le passage du Moyen Âge à l'époque dite moderne. La Renaissance française est due à l'influence directe de la Renaissance italienne et par l'...

 

 

Missouri French

Moribund French variety of the upper Mississippi, US Missouri FrenchPaw Paw Frenchfrançais du MissouriNative toMissouri, Illinois, IndianaRegionFrench settlements along Mississippi River of Upper LouisianaNative speakersUnknown; fewer than a dozen (2015)[1]Language familyIndo-European ItalicRomanceWesternGallo-RomanceOïlFrenchMissouri FrenchLanguage codesISO 639-3–GlottologNoneIETFfr-u-sd-usmoCounties where Missouri French is or was formerly spoken. This article contains...

China–South Africa relations

Bilateral relationsChina-South Africa relations China South Africa Diplomatic missionEmbassy of China, Pretoria [zh]Embassy of South Africa, BeijingEnvoyAmbassador Chen XiaodongAmbassador Siyabonga Cwele[1] For Taiwan, see South Africa–Taiwan relations. People's Republic of China – South Africa relations refer to the current and historical relationship between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of South Africa (RSA). South Africa is one of the Afric...

 

 

Музыка Израиля

Музыка Израиля представляет собой неотъемлемую часть культуры Израиля. Археологические находки указывают, что музыкальная культура существовала на территории современного Израиля уже четыре тысячи лет назад. По-видимому, тогда она не отличалась от музыкальной культу...

 

 

Kandangan Baru, Panyipatan, Tanah Laut

Untuk tempat lain yang bernama sama, lihat Kandangan. Kandangan BaruDesaKantor Desa Kandangan Baru, Tanah LautPeta lokasi Desa Kandangan BaruNegara IndonesiaProvinsiKalimantan SelatanKabupatenTanah LautKecamatanPanyipatanKode pos70871Kode Kemendagri63.01.06.2003 Luas... km²Jumlah penduduk... jiwaKepadatan... jiwa/km² Kandangan Baru adalah salah satu desa di Kecamatan Panyipatan, Kabupaten Tanah Laut, Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia. Pranala luar (Indonesia) Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri...

Philosophy of artificial intelligence

Overview of the philosophy of artificial intelligence See also: Ethics of artificial intelligence Part of a series onArtificial intelligence Major goals Artificial general intelligence Recursive self-improvement Planning Computer vision General game playing Knowledge reasoning Machine learning Natural language processing Robotics AI safety Approaches Symbolic Deep learning Bayesian networks Evolutionary algorithms Situated approach Hybrid intelligent systems Systems integration Applications P...

 

 

Mimpi Manis

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Mimpi Laila. Mimpi ManisGenre Drama Roman Drama Musikal PembuatMD EntertainmentDitulis olehDono IndartoSkenarioDono IndartoSutradara Gul Khan Rama Junarko Pengarah kreatifShania PunjabiPemeran Dewi Perssik Iqbal Pakula Julia Perez Aditya Herpavi Rachman Eva Anindita Thalita Latief Arief Rivan Debby Cynthia Dewi Yati Surachman Elsye Virgita Habibi Yayuk Suseno Pierre Rolland Ronald Gustav Penggubah lagu temaFazal DathLagu pembukaMimpi Manis — RiekaLagu penutup Khay...

 

 

Zatch Bell! season 1

Season of anime series Season of television series Zatch Bell!Season 1The cover of the first DVD compilation of Zatch Bell! released by Viz Media on November 8, 2005No. of episodes50ReleaseOriginal networkFuji TelevisionOriginal releaseApril 6, 2003 (2003-04-06) –March 28, 2004 (2004-03-28)Season chronologyNext →Season 2 List of episodes The first season, retroactively titled level 1, of the Zatch Bell! anime series was directed by Tetsuji Nakamura and Yukio Kaizawa an...

Gil González Dávila

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Gil González, González et Dávila. Ne doit pas être confondu avec Gil González de Ávila. Gil González DávilaBiographieNaissance 1480ÁvilaDécès 1526ÁvilaNom dans la langue maternelle Gil DávilaActivités Explorateur, gouverneurmodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Gil González Dávila Gil González Dávila[1], né en 1480 à Ávila (royaume de Castille) où il meurt le 21 avril 1526, est un conquistador espagnol, le premier Européen à...

 

 

Lens flare

Image artifact that scattered or flared light within a lens system produces Scheme of lens flare Light coming from a narrow angle may be trapped and reflected between the surfaces of the lens elements. A lens flare A lens flare happens when light is scattered or flared in a lens system, often in response to a bright light, producing a sometimes undesirable artifact in the image. This happens through light scattered by the imaging mechanism itself, for example through internal reflection and f...

 

 

الدوري اليوناني 2010–11

الدوري اليوناني 2010–11 تفاصيل الموسم الدوري اليوناني  النسخة 75  البلد اليونان  التاريخ بداية:27 أغسطس 2010  نهاية:25 مايو 2011  المنظم الاتحاد الإغريقي لكرة القدم  البطل نادي أولمبياكوس  مباريات ملعوبة 240   عدد المشاركين 16   الدوري اليوناني 2009–10  الدوري ا�...

Danny Ahn

Dalam nama Korea ini, nama keluarganya adalah Ahn. Danny AhnNama asalAhn Shin-won[1][2]Lahir22 Desember 1978 (umur 45)Seattle, Washington, Amerika SerikatPendidikanUniversitas DankookPekerjaanPemeran, penyanyi, rapper, DJ radio, pemandu acaraAgenSidus HQCuz-9 Entertainment[3]Karier musikGenreK-popR&BInstrumenVokalTahun aktif1999–kiniLabelSidus HQCuz-9Artis terkaitg.o.dJYP Nation Nama KoreaHangul안신원 Hanja安信源 Alih AksaraAn Sin-wonMcCune–Reis...

 

 

反人種差別およびフランス人・キリスト教徒アイデンティティ尊重のための総同盟

反人種差別およびフランス人・キリスト教徒アイデンティティ尊重のための総同盟 略称 AGRIF設立 1984年設立者 ベルナール・アントニー本部 サンジェルマン大通り70番地 パリ5区 フランスウェブサイト http://www.lagrif.fr/テンプレートを表示 反人種差別およびフランス人・キリスト教徒アイデンティティ尊重のための総同盟（フランス語：Alliance générale contre le racisme et pour l...