Calorimeter (particle physics)

a Calorimeter in CERN.

In experimental particle physics, a calorimeter is a type of detector that measures the energy of particles. Particles enter the calorimeter and initiate a particle shower in which their energy is deposited in the calorimeter, collected, and measured. The energy may be measured in its entirety, requiring total containment of the particle shower, or it may be sampled. Typically, calorimeters are segmented transversely to provide information about the direction of the particle or particles, as well as the energy deposited, and longitudinal segmentation can provide information about the identity of the particle based on the shape of the shower as it develops. Calorimetry design is an active area of research in particle physics.

Types of calorimeters

Electromagnetic versus hadronic

An electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is one specifically designed to measure the energy of particles that interact primarily via the electromagnetic interaction such as electrons, positrons and photons. A hadronic calorimeter (HCAL) is one designed to measure particles that interact via the strong nuclear force. (See types of particle showers for the differences between the two.) Calorimeters are characterized by the radiation length (for ECALs) and nuclear interaction length (for HCALs) of their active material. ECALs tend to be 15–30 radiation lengths deep while HCALs are 5–8 nuclear interaction lengths deep.

Homogeneous versus sampling

An ECAL or an HCAL can be either a sampling calorimeter or a homogeneous calorimeter.

In a sampling calorimeter, the material that produces the particle shower is distinct from the material that measures the deposited energy. Typically the two materials alternate. One advantage of this is that each material can be well-suited to its task; for example, a very dense material can be used to produce a shower that evolves quickly in a limited space, even if the material is unsuitable for measuring the energy deposited by the shower. A disadvantage is that some of the energy is deposited in the wrong material and is not measured; thus the total shower energy must be estimated instead of being measured directly.

A homogeneous calorimeter is one in which the entire volume is sensitive and contributes a signal.[1]

Calorimeters in high-energy physics experiments

Most particle physics experiments use some form of calorimetry. Often it is the most practical way to detect and measure neutral particles from an interaction. In addition, calorimeters are necessary for calculating "missing energy" which can be attributed to particles that rarely interact with matter and escape the detector, such as neutrinos. In most experiments the calorimeter works in conjunction with other components like a central tracker and a muon detector. All the detector components work together to achieve the objective of reconstructing a physics event.

See also

References

  1. ^ Particle Physics Booklet 2006 pg 272

Read other articles:

Gerry Anderson

Gerry AndersonMBEAnderson pada 2009LahirGerald Alexander Abrahams(1929-04-14)14 April 1929Bloomsbury, London, InggrisMeninggal26 Desember 2012(2012-12-26) (umur 83)Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, InggrisPekerjaanProduser filmproduser televisipenulissutradaraartis pengisi suaraTahun aktif1957–2005Tempat kerjaLew Grade (1961–1976)OrganisasiAP Films, Century 21, Group Three, Anderson Burr, Gerry Anderson Productions, Anderson EntertainmentDikenal atasSupercar, Fireball XL5, Stingra...

 

 

Anus

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Anus (disambiguasi). Artikel ini sudah memiliki daftar referensi, bacaan terkait, atau pranala luar, tetapi sumbernya belum jelas karena belum menyertakan kutipan pada kalimat. Mohon tingkatkan kualitas artikel ini dengan memasukkan rujukan yang lebih mendetail bila perlu. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) AnusPembentukan anus pada proto- dan deuterostomPengidentifikasiTA98A05.7.05.013TA23022Daftar istilah anatomi[sunting di Wik...

 

 

Одиннадцатый Доктор

ДокторОдиннадцатый Доктор Актёр Мэтт Смит[1] Срок эры 3 апреля 2010 — 25 декабря 2013 Полноценнаяпервая серия «Одиннадцатый час» (2010) Полноценнаяпоследняя серия «Время Доктора» (2013) Сезонов 3 Серий 39 историй (44 эпизода) Спутники Эми Понд[2]Рори Уильямс[3][4&#...

الدوري الأردني 2012–13

الدوري الأردني 13–2012 كان الموسم الحادي والستون من الدرجة العليا لكرة القدم في الأردن وقد بدأ يوم 21 أغسطس 2012. نهاية الموسم كانت في شهر أبريل 2013، وفي الموسم الماضي حقق الفيصلي لقب البطولة. دوري المناصير الأردني للمحترفين تفاصيل الموسم 2012–13 النسخة 64  البلد الأردن  البطل �...

 

 

Department of Communities and Justice

Government department of New South Wales, Australia New South Wales Department of Communities and JusticeDepartment overviewFormed1 July 2019; 4 years ago (2019-07-01)Preceding agenciesDepartment of Family and Community ServicesDepartment of JusticeJurisdictionNew South WalesHeadquarters6 Parramatta Square, 10 Darcy Street, Parramatta, New South Wales, AustraliaMinisters responsibleThe Hon. Michael Daley SC, MP, Attorney GeneralThe Hon. Yasmin Catley MP, Minister for...

 

 

Palombara Sabina

Palombara Sabinacomune Palombara Sabina – VedutaVista dell'abitato sul Colle LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regione Lazio Città metropolitana Roma AmministrazioneSindacoAlessandro Palombi (lista civica Primavera Sabina) dal 1-5-2015 (2º mandato dal 22-9-2020) TerritorioCoordinate42°04′N 12°46′E / 42.066667°N 12.766667°E42.066667; 12.766667 (Palombara Sabina)Coordinate: 42°04′N 12°46′E / 42.066667°N 12.766667°E...

B

  此條目介紹的是拉丁字母中的第2个字母。关于其他用法，请见「B (消歧义)」。   提示：此条目页的主题不是希腊字母Β、西里尔字母В、Б、Ъ、Ь或德语字母ẞ、ß。 BB b(见下)用法書寫系統拉丁字母英文字母ISO基本拉丁字母（英语：ISO basic Latin alphabet）类型全音素文字相关所属語言拉丁语读音方法 [b][p][ɓ](适应变体)Unicode编码U+0042, U+0062字母顺位2数值 2歷史發...

 

 

Siege of Venlo (1586)

Siege of Venlo (1586)Part of the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)Engraving Siege of Venlo of 1586 by Simon Frisius. Collection Rijksmuseum Amsterdam.DateJune 28, 1586LocationVenlo, Limburg, Low Countries(present-day the Netherlands)Result Spanish victory[1][2]Belligerents United Provinces England  SpainCommanders and leaders Maarten Schenck Roger Williams Alexander Farnese vteEighty Years' War Origins – List of battles 1566–1572 Western E...

 

 

Повітряні сили Збройних сил України

Ця стаття потребує додаткових посилань на джерела для поліпшення її перевірності. Будь ласка, допоможіть удосконалити цю статтю, додавши посилання на надійні (авторитетні) джерела. Зверніться на сторінку обговорення за поясненнями та допоможіть виправити недоліки. Мат...

哈萨克斯坦总统

此条目序言章节没有充分总结全文内容要点。 (2019年3月21日)请考虑扩充序言，清晰概述条目所有重點。请在条目的讨论页讨论此问题。 哈萨克斯坦總統哈薩克總統旗現任Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫自2019年3月20日在任任期7年首任努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫设立1990年4月24日（哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國總統） 哈萨克斯坦 哈萨克斯坦政府...

 

 

الطريق الوطنية رقم 10 (المغرب)

الطريق الوطنية رقم 10     الطريق الوطنية رقم 10 (المغرب) خريطة الطريق الوطنية رقم 10 البلد المغرب المميزات الطول 653 كلم من أكادير إلى الرشيدية المناطق المعبورة المدن الرئيسية تمر الطريق الوطنية رقم 10 عبر عدة مدن وجماعات قروية وهي: أكادير - إنزكان - أيت ملول - تارودانت - تالوي...

 

 

Public computer

Computers available in public areas This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Public computer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR...

Kelompok Lima

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Kelompok Lima (Hanzi: 文化革命五人小组; juga dikenal sebagai Kelompok Lima Orang) adalah komite informal yang didirikan pada awal 1965 untuk mengeksplorasi potensi Revolusi Kebudayaan di Tiongkok.[1] Kelompok ini dipimpin oleh Peng ...

 

 

Janice, Rimavská Sobota District

Village and municipality in Slovakia This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rimavská Sobota District in the Banská Bystrica region Janice (Hungarian: Jéne) is a village and municipality in the Rimavská Sobota District of the Banská Bystrica Region of s...

 

 

National Register of Historic Places listings in Gloucester County, New Jersey

Location of Gloucester County in New Jersey List of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Gloucester County, New Jersey Contents: Counties and communities in New Jersey Atlantic – Bergen (Closter, Franklin Lakes, Ridgewood, Saddle River, Wyckoff) – Burlington – Camden – Cape May – Cumberland – Essex – Gloucester – Hudson – Hunterdon – Mercer – Middlesex – Monmouth – Morris – Ocean – Passaic – Salem – Somerset – Sussex – Union – Warren Ma...

Peter Berg

Peter BergBerg di WonderCon pada bulan Maret 2012Lahir11 Maret 1964 (umur 60)[1]kota New York, New York, Amerika SerikatKebangsaanAmerikaPendidikanTaft SchoolAlmamaterMacalester CollegePekerjaanAktor, sutradara, produser, penulis naskahTahun aktif1988–sekarangKarya terkenalHancock, Battleship, Lone Survivor, Deepwater Horizon, Patriots DaySuami/istriElizabeth Rogers ​ ​(m. 1993; c. 1998)​Anak2 Peter Berg (lahir tanggal 11 Ma...

 

 

قائمة مدن كانساس

هذه قائمة مدن ولاية كانساس في وسط الولايات المتحدة. ترتيب حسب عدد السكان والمقاطعة تعداد السكان مبني على إحصاء 2010، وتضم القائمة المدن التي يسكنها أكثر من 4000 نسمة.[1]   †  مقر المقاطعة   ††  عاصمة ومقر المقاطعة — ويتشيتا, أكبر مدينة في كانساس كانساس سيتي ت�...

 

 

Unione Sportiva Pistoiese 1982-1983

Voce principale: Unione Sportiva Pistoiese 1921. Unione Sportiva PistoieseStagione 1982-1983 Sport calcio Squadra Pistoiese Allenatore Enzo Riccomini All. in seconda Giuseppe Malavasi Presidente Marcello Melani Serie B14º posto Coppa Italiaprimo turno Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Parlanti (38)Totale: Parlanti (43) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Vincenzi (11)Totale: Vincenzi (12) 1981-1982 1983-1984 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa voce raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti l...

Royal College of Radiologists

Professional association of clinical oncologist and radiologist Royal College of RadiologistsFormationAssociation: 1934; 90 years ago (1934)Faculty: 1939; 85 years ago (1939)College: 1975; 49 years ago (1975)TypeMedical royal collegeHeadquartersLincoln's Inn Fields, London, EnglandRegion United KingdomPublicationClinical RadiologyClinical OncologyAffiliationsAcademy of Medical Royal CollegesWebsitewww.rcr.ac.uk The Royal College of Radiolo...

 

 

Jan Paul van Hecke

Jan Paul van HeckeNazionalità Paesi Bassi Altezza189 cm Calcio RuoloDifensore Squadra Brighton CarrieraGiovanili 2018-2019 NAC Breda Squadre di club1 2019-2020 NAC Breda11 (3)2020 Brighton0 (0)2020-2021→  Heerenveen28 (1)2021-2022→  Blackburn31 (1)2022- Brighton23 (0) 1 I due numeri indicano le presenze e le reti segnate, per le sole partite di campionato.Il simbolo → indica un trasferimento in prestito. Statistiche aggiornate al 5 settembre ...