The highway is a remnant of the former Mexico to Canada U.S. Route 99 (US 99), which was decommissioned in 1972 after being functionally replaced by I-5 for long-distance traffic. The entire segment from Wheeler Ridge to Sacramento has been upgraded as of January 2016 to a freeway at least four lanes wide, and the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) plans to further upgrade the segment to a minimum width of six lanes and also bring it into compliance with Interstate Highway standards as a parallel route to I-5 for Los Angeles–Sacramento traffic. North of Sacramento, the road ranges from a rural two-lane road to a four-lane freeway, with much of it following the route formerly designated as US 99E.
A 2024 study conducted by a Dallas law firm looked at federal data over a five-year span between 2018 and 2022, concluding that SR 99 is the most dangerous highway in California, with 445 deaths (an average of 89 per year) over that five-year period.[2]
The portion of the highway between Fresno and Madera has also been designated the 100th Infantry Battalion Memorial Highway, honoring the U.S. Army unit that was composed almost entirely with American soldiers of Japanese ancestry when it fought during World War II.[6] Approximately 10 miles (16 km) north of Fresno in this segment, a palm tree and a pine tree (replaced with a cedar after storm damage in 2005) were planted in the median to mark the transition between Southern California (the palm) and Northern California (the pine), reputedly in the 1920s.[7] The trees are to be removed in 2025 as part of widening the segment to six lanes, to be replaced by 15 pines and 15 palms to the west of the highway.[8][9]
The portion between Salida and Manteca is designated the 442nd Regimental Combat Team Memorial Highway, honoring the US Army infantry regiment that, like the 100th Infantry Battalion, was also composed almost entirely of American soldiers of Japanese ancestry during World War II.[6]
In Sacramento, SR 99 joins with I-80 Business as part of the Capital City Freeway, then runs concurrently with I-5. Caltrans route logs for SR 99 do not recognize these concurrencies and lists the route as having two segments. However, the highway is often shown with the concurrencies on maps, as a contiguous highway. Signage exists at the two Sacramento interchanges to direct traffic from one segment to the other.
North Sacramento to Red Bluff
Facing north from Skyway on SR 99 in Chico with the Butte College, Chico Campus visible on the right
SR 99 then splits from I-5 in northern Sacramento, and then heads along the eastern side of the Sacramento Valley through Yuba City, and Chico to its northern terminus at SR 36 near Red Bluff. SR 99 remains a four-lane freeway as the route leaves Sacramento County, but shortly reverts to a four-lane divided expressway as the highway crosses into Sutter County. As SR 99 reaches the junction of SR 70, the route turns northwest by north and becomes an undivided expressway with the exceptions of crossing the Feather River near Nicolaus and the interchange with SR 113, where the route then turns straight north to Yuba City.
As SR 99 crosses SR 20 at a signaled intersection, the highway becomes a four-lane freeway for 3 miles (4.8 km) before reverting to a two-lane road, passing the smaller towns of Live Oak, Fagan, and Gridley. SR 99 briefly is a local four-lane road through Gridley before continuing as a two-lane highway. SR 99 passes by the western side of the Thermalito Afterbay. SR 162 joins SR 99 for 2 miles (3.2 km) before splitting off east towards the northern end of the Thermalito Afterbay. SR 99 then transitions from a two-lane road to a four-lane divided expressway just before the interchange at SR 149 turning northwest and eventually a freeway entering the Chico city limits. As SR 99 leaves Chico, the highway reverts to a 2-lane road before crossing into Tehama County and passing through rural areas and the town of Los Molinos. The route then curves to the west and terminates at the junction with SR 36, approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from I-5 in Red Bluff.
The first state highway bond issue, approved by the state's voters in 1910,[10] included a north–south highway through the central part of the state consisting of Route 3 through the Sacramento Valley from the Oregon state line south to Sacramento, replacing the Siskiyou Trail, and Route 4 through the San Joaquin Valley from Sacramento to Los Angeles. In addition, a second route followed the west side of the Sacramento Valley, using Route 7 from Red Bluff south to Davis and the short Route 8 east along the proposed Yolo Causeway to Sacramento. North of Bakersfield these closely paralleled some of the main lines of the Southern Pacific Railroad, including the Fresno Line, East and West Valley lines, Shasta Line and Siskiyou Line.
By 1920 paving of both routes from Red Bluff to Los Angeles was completed or in progress, including the only mountain crossing south of Red Bluff, the Ridge Route just north of Los Angeles. To the north of Red Bluff, the road was being graded but had not yet been paved over the Siskiyou Mountains into Oregon.[11] Paving was finally completed in mid-1933, when a new alignment (now SR 263) opened through the Shasta River Canyon.[12]
The route from Davis to Oregon via Routes 7 and 3 came to be known as part of the Pacific Highway,[13][14] an auto trail organized in 1910 to connect Canada and Mexico.[15] The split in the Sacramento Valley was known as the East and West Side highways (the latter also carrying the Pacific Highway).[16] South of Sacramento Route 4 was the Valley Route, but the San Joaquin Valley Tourist and Travel Association held a contest to rename it, selecting Golden State Highway as the winning entry in July 1927.[17][18] To this day, "Golden State Highway" is SR 99's default name in areas not given other names by the Legislature, and the name continues from its end at Wheeler Ridge on I-5 as the Golden State Freeway from there to downtown Los Angeles.[6]
An east–west split routing north of Sacramento was approved in 1929.
In mid-1929, AASHO approved a split designation between Sacramento and Red Bluff, with US 99W replacing the original western route via Davis, and US 99E following the East Side Highway (Route 3) via Roseville.[25] A short-lived split also existed between Manteca and Stockton in the early 1930s, with US 99E becoming the main route and US 99W becoming an extended SR 120 where not concurrent with US 50.[citation needed]
A third highway heading north from Sacramento was constructed by the Natomas Company in the 1910s for 13 miles (21 km) along the Sacramento River levee to provide access to land reclaimed and sold by the company. Sacramento and Sutter counties continued the road alongside the Sacramento River and Feather River to Nicolaus, where an existing county road crossed the river on a drawbridge and ran north to the East Side Highway at Yuba City.[26] This continuous roadway between Sacramento and Yuba City was dedicated in October 1924 as the Garden Highway.[27]
Parts of the present SR 99 alignment between Sacramento and Yuba City were added to the state highway system in 1933, when the legislature added Route 87 (Sign Route 24,[28] later US 40 Alternate) from Woodland north past Yuba City to northwest of Oroville,[29] and in 1949, with the creation of Route 232 (later Sign Route 24) between Sacramento and Marysville.[30] The final piece became Route 245 (no signed number) in 1959, connecting Route 232 near Catlett with Route 87 near Tudor,[31] and following the old Garden Highway across the Feather River to a point east of Tudor. Despite this combined route connecting the same cities as the Garden Highway, the only other piece of the old county road taken for the state highway was a short segment just north of Sacramento, carrying Route 232 between Jibboom Street and El Centro Road.[32]
When the Interstate Highway System was being planned in the 1950s, there were two proposals as to which way to route a freeway through the San Joaquin Valley. One was to upgrade US 99 to Interstate standards. The other proposed alternative was the West Side Freeway, which would bypass all the Central Valley communities and thus provide a faster and more direct north–south route through the state. The latter route was eventually chosen and ultimately became Interstate 5.
The implementation of the Interstate Highway System and the mid-1964 state highway renumbering ultimately sealed the fate of the U.S. Highway designation on US 99. The Interstates eventually replaced portions of US 99, causing it to be truncated at both of its ends.
US 99 was truncated to Los Angeles, with the old route south to Mexico becoming mainly I-10 and SR 86. At the same time Route 99 was defined legislatively to run from I-5 near Wheeler Ridge to Red Bluff, but it was only marked as SR 99 between Sacramento and Yuba City, since the remainder was still US 99 or US 99E.[20] The southern end of US 99 was moved further north to Sacramento in late 1966 and SR 99 was extended to Wheeler Ridge; the rest of former US 99 to Los Angeles was either I-5 or the locally maintained San Fernando Road.[33][34] Several years later US 99 and its branches were removed altogether from California, making SR 99 signage match the legislative definition; all of US 99W, and US 99 north of Red Bluff, remained as other routes (I-80, SR 113, and I-5), while US 99E between Roseville and Marysville became SR 65.[citation needed] By 1968, all US 99 signs were removed or replaced with SR 99 signs following the completion of I-5.
During the 20th century, Caltrans gradually widened Route 99 into a four-lane expressway for the length of the entire segment from Wheeler Ridge to Sacramento. The agency did not immediately upgrade Route 99 to a freeway, since the West Side Freeway had already been selected as the preferred alternative for north–south long-distance traffic. As traffic levels along the Route 99 corridor continued to increase, the at-grade intersections on the expressway became extremely dangerous. Drivers on cross-streets who needed to cross the expressway often had to wait for many minutes at those intersections to find suitable gaps in which to dart across heavy through traffic on Route 99 moving at near-freeway speeds. If drivers became impatient or mistimed the speed of through traffic, the result was often a dangerous side collision. Therefore, Caltrans upgraded or replaced those intersections one-by-one with freeway interchanges, and often added frontage roads for access to adjacent parcels. This work proceeded very slowly over several decades, as Caltrans needed to balance the rising level of danger at the rural intersections on Route 99 with other urgent construction priorities in California's rapidly growing metropolitan areas.
By 2012, there was only one remaining expressway segment with at-grade intersections on Route 99 between Sacramento and Wheeler Ridge, in Merced County between the cities of Chowchilla and Atwater. On December 11, 2012, Caltrans commenced construction on a project to upgrade that segment to a six-lane freeway with full access control.[35] On January 15, 2016, Caltrans officially opened the Plainsburg Road interchange, which completed the conversion of Route 99 south of Sacramento to a freeway built to near-interstate standards.[36]
Future
Caltrans' long-range plans recommend that SR 99 be upgraded to Interstate Highway standards between its southern end and Sacramento, which would require upgrading some substandard sections. Caltrans once suggested the route could be designated as either I-7 or I-9, in accordance with the Interstate Highway System's numbering standards (being just east of and parallel to I-5). However, the freeway is not currently part of the Interstate Highway system.[37]
Junction list
Except where prefixed with a letter, postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964, based on the alignment that existed at the time, and do not necessarily reflect current mileage. R reflects a realignment in the route since then, M indicates a second realignment, L refers to an overlap due to a correction or change, and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary (for a full list of prefixes, see California postmile § Official postmile definitions).[38] Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted. The numbers reset at county lines; the start and end postmiles in each county are given in the county column.
North end of state maintenance; left exit southbound, left entrances for US 50; left entrance southbound, left exits for I-80 BL; eastern terminus of unsigned I-305; southern end of US 50 / I-80 BL / I-305 overlap; northbound access to I-80 BL east and southbound access from US 50 west via unsigned SR 51; I-80 BL is former I-80 east; US 50 west exit 6B; I-80 BL west (SR 51 south) exit 6A
State Route 99 Business (SR 99 Bus.) in the city of Bakersfield follows Union Avenue and Golden State Avenue. Traveling north on SR 99, the business route begins at exit 11 (Union Avenue), and follows the original routing of US 99. Union Avenue is a rural, four-lane road for about six miles (9.7 km) until it enters Greenfield at Panama Road. From there, it continues north, passing by the Bakersfield Municipal Airport and the Kern County Fairgrounds. Union Avenue widens to six lanes at Ming Avenue, just a few miles before its intersection with SR 58. At the SR 58 junction, the designation SR 204 is added to the route. SR 99 Bus./SR 204 continues north on Union Avenue until the Union Avenue Y-intersection, where the designation heads northwest on Golden State Avenue. The route passes under SR 178 and over Chester Avenue at Garces Memorial Circle. At F Street, SR 99 Bus./SR 204 becomes a short four-lane freeway that terminates at SR 99 just before the Olive Drive exit.
Interchange; northern terminus; north end of SR 204 overlap; no access to SR 99 south; northern terminus of SR 204; former US 99 north / US 466 west; SR 99 south exit 27
State Route 99 Business (SR 99 Bus.) in the city of Merced follows 16th Street. The business route begins at SR 99 exit 186C and follows the original routing of US 99. It passes near downtown Merced and is concurrent with SR 59 for a short distance. SR 99 Bus. ends at SR 99 exit 189.
State Route 99 Business (SR 99 Bus.) in the city of Lodi follows Cherokee Lane. Traveling north on SR 99, the business route begins at exit 264 (Lodi exit), and follows the original routing of US 99, as well as US 50. Cherokee Lane is a four-lane thoroughfare for much of the business route. It ends at SR 99 at exit 267A (Turner Road).
Module:Jctint/USA warning: Unused argument(s): state
0.0
0.0
SR 99 south / Century Boulevard
Interchange; southern terminus; no access to SR 99 north; Century Boulevard not accessible northbound; former US 50 west / US 99 south; SR 99 north exit 264
^"Article 2 of Chapter 2 of Division 1". California Streets and Highways Code. Sacramento: California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^Federal Highway Administration (March 25, 2015). National Highway System: California (South)(PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved October 7, 2017. Federal Highway Administration (March 25, 2015). National Highway System: California (North)(PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
^Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderly, Kevin (June 20, 2012). "What is the National Highway System?". National Highway System. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
^"An act authorizing the construction, acquisition, maintenance and control of a system of state highways in the State of California...", approved March 22, 1909, chapter 383, p. 647
^"An act establishing certain additional state highways and classifying them as secondary highways.", in effect August 14, 1931, chapter 82, p. 102: "El Centro to Calexico"
^Annual Report (Report). American Association of State Highway Officials. 1932. pp. 24–25. The following...were approved...on June 22, 1932: CALIFORNIA—U. S. 99 in California is extended from El Centro, its present southern terminus, to the Mexican Border.
^"Two Sacramento Valley Highways to be Numbered". Fresno Bee. August 28, 1929.
^"An act...relating to...the addition of certain highways to the State system.", in effect August 21, 1933, chapter 767, p. 2029: includes "State Highway Route 7 near Woodland to State Highway near Yuba City."
^"An act...relating to state highway routes.", in effect October 1, 1949, chapter 1467, p. 2555: "Route 207 is from Sacramento to Marysville..."; it was renumbered Route 232 in 1951 because there already was a Route 207
^"An act...to add certain additional mileage to the State Highway System.", in effect September 18, 1959, chapter 1062, p. 3110: "Route 245 is from Route 232 near Catlett to Route 87 near Tudor."
^Road Atlas: United States, Canada, Mexico (Map). Rand McNally. 1964.
^"Signs of the Times". Fresno Bee. August 4, 1966.
^ abCalifornia Department of Transportation. "State Truck Route List". Sacramento: California Department of Transportation. Archived from the original(XLS file) on September 5, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
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