C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)

C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)
Image of the three nuclei of Comet LINEAR (C/2001 A2). It is a reproduction of a 1-min exposure in red light, obtained in the early evening of May 16, 2001, with the 8.2-m VLT YEPUN (UT4) telescope at Paranal.
Discovery[1]
Discovered byLINEAR
Discovery date15 January 2001
Orbital characteristics[2]
Epoch2001-Jul-05.0
Observation arc333 days
Earliest precovery date3 January 2001
Aphelion2,236 AU
Perihelion0.779 AU
Semi-major axis1,118 AU
Eccentricity0.9993
Orbital period37,400 years
Inclination36.48°
295.12°
Argument of
periapsis		295.33°
Last perihelion24 May 2001
Earth MOID0.051 AU
Comet total
magnitude (M1)		7

C/2001 A2 (LINEAR) is a non-periodic comet from the Oort cloud discovered by LINEAR on 15 January 2001. The nucleus of comet split in multible fragments during its perihelion passage.[3] The comet brightened to an apparent magnitude of about 3.[4]

Observational history

The comet was discovered on 15 January 2001 by the LINEAR team as an asteroidal object with an apparent magnitude of about 16. Precovery images from 3 and 5 January from Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search (LONEOS) and LINEAR well also spotted. CCD imaging of the object revealed the presence of a coma, that was estimated to be between 10 and 18 arcseconds across, while its apparent magnitude was estimated to be 17.2. The first orbital ephemeris published indicated that the comet would brightened to a magnitude of about 10 in late June 2001.[1][5]

The comet brightened slowly at on 14 March 2001 its magnitude was estimated to be 13.1.[6] However in late March 2001 the comet experienced an outburst, brightening from about magnitude 10.8 on 28 March to a magnitude of 8 on 30 March.[7] In mid April the comet was estimated to have a magnitude of about 7.5, while on 18 April, it had brightened to a magnitude of 7,[8] and by the end of the month its magnitude was estimated to be about 6.3.[9]

Fragmentation events

Carl W. Hergenrother, Matthew A. Chamberlain, and Y. Chamberlain, of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory reported the discovery of a double nucleus in images obtained on 30 April 2001. The two nuclei were of equal brightness and separated by 3.5 arcseconds.[9] Zdenek Sekanina calculated that the splitting occurred on Mar. 29.9 ± 1.6 UT, when the outburst was observed.[10]

Images obtained by the 8.2-metre VLT MELIPAL telescope at ESO's Paranal Observatory on 14 May 2001 revealed that nucleus B was elongated. The comet was imaged again two days, and it was obvious that nucleus B had split in two pieces separated by about one arcsecond.[11][12] The total magnitude of the comet was then estimated to be 5.4.[13] An ion tail about 4 degree long was observed with 25×100 binoculars.[10] Fragment A was last detected on 19 May.[14] One more fragment, named fragment G, was found in images obtained on 21 May, having its own tail. It probably was separated by fragment B five weeks prior but flared-up then.[14]

One more outburst was observed in June, with the comet been reported to have an apparent magnitude of 3.3 on 12 June, but by 18 June it had faded to a magnitude of 4.3, while its coma was reported to be 15 arcminutes across and its tail 4.5 degree long.[15] High resolution imaging of the coma on 16–21 June indicated the presence of more fragments, named D, E, and F, near fragment B. Fragment D was separated on June 3.5 ± 1.8, fragment E on June 9.5 ± 0.7, and fragment F on June 11.3 ± 0.5, and resulted in an outburst.[16] The successive fragmentation events in early June could explain the slow rise of the outburst, which lasted 8 days.[14]

The closest approach to Earth took place on 30 June 2001, at a distance of 0.244 AU (36.5 million km; 22.7 million mi).[2] On July 1 the comet had an estimated magnitude of 4.4–4.5 and its coma was estimated to be 16–20 arcminutes across.[16] On 5 July two tails were observed, each two degrees long, and the magnitude was estimated to be about 5.[17] On more outburst took place in mid July, as the comet was reported to have a magnitude of 4.4 on 13 July, but by the end of the month its magnitude was reported to be about 7.[18] No new fragment was detected after that outburst.[14] Smaller outbursts of amplitude 0.4 and 0.2 mag were observed on July 25.0 and 30.0 respectively.[19]

Scientific results

The spectrum of C/2001 A2 was obtained in near infrared by the Near Infrared Echelle Spectrograph (NIRSPEC) at Keck-2 Observatory on 9–10 July 2001, after perihelion. The spectrum of the comet was characterised by enhanced abundances of organic elements such as ethane, acetylene, hydrogen cyanide, and methanol with respect to water, while other molecular species, such as methane, carbon monoxide, and formaldehyde, had more typical abundances. The rotational temperature of the volatiles was measured to be around 100 K, with the exception of HCN, whose rotational temperature was about 60 K.[20] The comet was also observed by the same instrument on 4 and 10 August. The production rate of methane was greatly increased with respect to water between July and August. On the other hand, the abundance of formaldehyde decreased by four times between 9 and 10 July. Both indicate that the nucleus is heterogenous.[21]

The radio spectrum of the comet in the submillimeter and millimeter was obtained using the IRAM-30m and Kitt Peak National Observatory 12-m radio telescope. The upper limit HC3N/HCN ratio was similar to that of comets 153P/Ikeya-Zhang and Hale-Bopp. However, the ratio of acetylene to water and CH3CN was lower. The HNC/HCN production rate ratio increased as the distance of the Sun decreased.[22] The comet was also observed by the Arecibo Observatory, which detected the echo of large dust grains in the coma. The echo was depolarised, the first time it was detected in the radar echo of a comet.[23]

The comet was also observed by the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer on 12 July 2001, during an outburst. In spectrum of the comet were detected for the first time in a comet the C–X and B–X lines of carbon monoxide, OI (1D–1D) at 1152 Å and three hydrogen lines of the Lyman series. The flux of all the lines was decreased by a factor of two within 7.5 hours. The CO emission could be separated into a cold and a hot component, with the cold component being attributed to excitation of CO2.[24]

References

  1. ^ a b "IAUC 7564: C/2001 A2; 2001J; 2001G". www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu. 16 January 2001. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Small-Body Database Lookup: C/2001 A2-B (LINEAR)". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov.
  3. ^ Jehin, Emmanuel; Boehnhardt, Hermann; Sekanina, Zdenek; Bonfils, Xavier; Schütz, Oliver; Beuzit, Jean-Luc; Billeres, Malvina; Garradd, Gordon J.; Leisy, Pierre; Marchis, Franck; Más, Antonio; Origlia, Livia; Scarpa, Daniel; Thomas, Daniel; Tozzi, Gian Paolo (2002). "Split Comet C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)". Earth, Moon, and Planets. 90 (1/4): 147–151. doi:10.1023/A:1021528821379. S2CID 118729804.
  4. ^ "Brightest comets seen since 1935". www.icq.eps.harvard.edu. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  5. ^ "MPEC 2001-B05 : COMET C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)". minorplanetcenter.net. 16 January 2001.
  6. ^ "IAUC 7600: P/2000 WT_168; C/2001 A2". www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu. 20 March 2001.
  7. ^ "IAUC 7605: 2001ai; C/2001 A2". www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu. 30 March 2001.
  8. ^ "IAUC 7611: 2001ay; SGR 1900+14; C/2001 A2". www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu. 19 April 2001.
  9. ^ a b "IAUC 7616: C/2001 A2; 2001bb". www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu. 1 May 2001.
  10. ^ a b "IAUC 7630: 2001bq; C/2001 A2". www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu. 22 May 2001.
  11. ^ "Comet LINEAR Splits Further - Third Nucleus Observed with the VLT". www.eso.org. 18 May 2001. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  12. ^ "IAUC 7627: Poss. N IN Aql; C/2001 A2". www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu. 17 May 2001.
  13. ^ "IAUC 7625: C/2001 J1; C/2001 A2; 2001bf". www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu. 15 May 2001.
  14. ^ a b c d Sekanina, Zdenek; Jehin, Emmanuel; Boehnhardt, Hermann; Bonfils, Xavier; Schuetz, Oliver; Thomas, Daniel (10 June 2002). "Recurring Outbursts and Nuclear Fragmentation of Comet C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)". The Astrophysical Journal. 572 (1): 679–684. Bibcode:2002ApJ...572..679S. doi:10.1086/340284. S2CID 122522118.
  15. ^ "IAUC 7645: 2001cp; 2001ck; 2001cm; C/2001 A2". www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu. 20 June 2001.
  16. ^ a b "IAUC 7656: C/2001 A2". www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu. 5 July 2001.
  17. ^ "IAUC 7659: X-RAY TRANSIENTS IN M31; C/2001 A2". www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu. 12 July 2001.
  18. ^ "IAUC 7676: C/2001 O2; 2001dk; 2001dl; C/2001 A2". www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu. 1 August 2001.
  19. ^ "IAUC 7679: 2001dm; V1178 Sco; C/2001 A2". www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu. 9 August 2001.
  20. ^ Magee-Sauer, Karen; Mumma, Michael J.; DiSanti, Michael A.; Dello Russo, Neil; Gibb, Erika L.; Bonev, Boncho P.; Villanueva, G.L. (March 2008). "The organic composition of Comet C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)". Icarus. 194 (1): 347–356. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.10.006.
  21. ^ Gibb, E; Disanti, M; Mageesauer, K; Dellorusso, N; Bonev, B; Mumma, M (May 2007). "The organic composition of C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)II. Search for heterogeneity within a comet nucleus". Icarus. 188 (1): 224–232. Bibcode:2007Icar..188..224G. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.11.009.
  22. ^ Biver, N.; Bockelée-Morvan, D.; Crovisier, J.; Lis, D. C.; Moreno, R.; Colom, P.; Henry, F.; Herpin, F.; Paubert, G.; Womack, M. (April 2006). "Radio wavelength molecular observations of comets C/1999 T1 (McNaught-Hartley), C/2001 A2 (LINEAR), C/2000 WM 1 (LINEAR) and 153P/Ikeya-Zhang". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 449 (3): 1255–1270. Bibcode:2006A&A...449.1255B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053849.
  23. ^ Nolan, Michael C.; Harmon, John K.; Howell, Ellen S.; Campbell, Donald B.; Margot, Jean-Luc (April 2006). "Detection of large grains in the coma of Comet C/2001 A2 (LINEAR) from Arecibo radar observations". Icarus. 181 (2): 432–441. arXiv:astro-ph/0510236. Bibcode:2006Icar..181..432N. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.11.010. S2CID 12938088.
  24. ^ Feldman, Paul D.; Weaver, Harold A.; Burgh, Eric B. (1 September 2002). "Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Observations of CO and H2 Emission in Comet C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)". The Astrophysical Journal. 576 (1): L91–L94. Bibcode:2002ApJ...576L..91F. doi:10.1086/343089. S2CID 117846683.

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