Adult bullsnakes average about 4 to 6 ft (1.2 to 1.8 m) in length, and specimens of up to 8 ft 4 in (2.5 m) have been recorded.[6] Possibly being the largest subspecies of gopher snake on average, mature specimens can have an average weight in the range of 1–1.5 kg (2.2–3.3 lb), though the heavier known specimens can attain 3.6–4.5 kg (7.9–9.9 lb), with larger specimens being quite bulky for a colubrid snake.[7][8][9][10] This makes bullsnakes among the largest snakes native to Canada and the United States, although they are generally not as long as indigo snakes nor as heavy or as large in diameter as rattlesnakes. They are usually yellow, with brown, white, black, or sometimes reddish blotching. The blotching pattern is large blotches on top, three sets of spots on the sides, and bands of black on the tail. Many color variations have been found, including albinos and white varieties. A scale count is required to distinguish juvenile bullsnakes from other juvenile gopher snakes.[11]
Diet
Bullsnakes are very powerful constrictors that eat small mammals, such as mice, moles, rats, pocket gophers, ground squirrels, as well as ground-nesting birds, birds' eggs[12] and lizards. Their climbing proficiency enables them to raid bird nests (and birdhouses) to eat the nestlings or sitting mother. One snake can eat five small birds within 15 minutes. Juvenile bullsnakes depend on small lizards, frogs, and baby mice.[13]
The idea that bullsnakes occasionally eat rattlesnakes is sometimes given as a reason for humans not to harm bullsnakes when encountering them in the wild; however, a study of 1000 bullsnakes found only two had rattlesnake in their stomach contents, so this is a very rare occurrence.[14]
Behavior
Bullsnake, aggressively posturing under perceived threat
Though some bullsnakes can be docile, and with some time become accustomed to handling, most are quite defensive.[15]
When bullsnakes detect live objects too big to be prey, they seem to perceive the object as a predator and take defensive action. Their first action is to remain quiet, not moving. Then, when they feel they are able to move away from the object, their next line of defense is to move away as quickly as possible. Bullsnakes, however, are not fast movers and often must take other defensive actions. When threatened by anything as large as a human, a bullsnake's next defensive action is to rear up and make itself look as large as possible, while at the same time hissing at the perceived threat. It typically then begins lunging and retreating at the same time to escape.[citation needed]
Bullsnakes can sometimes be mistaken for rattlesnakes and killed. Owing to its coloration, dorsal pattern, and semikeeled scalation, it superficially resembles the western diamondback rattler (Crotalus atrox), which is also common within the same range. The bullsnake capitalizes on this similarity by performing an impressive rattlesnake impression when threatened. First, it hisses, or forcibly exhales through a glottis or extension of the windpipe. The end of the glottis is covered by a piece of cartilage known as the epiglottis, which flaps back and forth when air is exhaled from the right lung, producing a convincing rattling sound. It also adopts a rattlesnake-like "S-curve" body posture as though about to strike. It commonly vibrates its tail rapidly in brush or leaves, and flattens its head to resemble the characteristic triangular shape of the rattlesnake. These defensive behaviors are meant to scare away threats, however, and not to sound an attack.[citation needed]
In contrast to rattlesnakes, which usually keep their tails elevated to sound the most efficient rattle, bullsnakes tend to keep their tails in contact with the ground, where they can be vibrated against leaves, for example.[citation needed]
Reproduction
Bull snakes breed in March or April (depending upon their location) and usually lay their eggs in April, May, or June (again, depending upon when the snakes breed). They typically lay 12 eggs in sand or other protected areas and leave the eggs to incubate unprotected. Clutches of five to 22 eggs have been observed. The eggs are elliptical, leathery, rough, sticky, and up to 70 mm (2+3⁄4 in) long.[16] The eggs typically hatch in August or September. Baby bull snakes are 20–46 cm (7.9–18.1 in) at hatching. Their color is grayish until after their first shed.[citation needed]
^Powell, Robert, Roger Conant, and Joseph T. Collins. 2016. Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, 4th ed. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. xiii, 494 pp. [page 391] ISBN978-0-544-12997-9
^Stebbins, Robert C. and Samuel M. McGinnis. 2018. Peterson Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, 4th ed. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. xiii, 560 pp. [page 400] ISBN9781328715500
^Ernst, Carl; Ernst, Evelyn (2003). Snakes of the United States and Canada. Washington, District of Columbia: Smithsonian Books. ISBN1588340198
^Sterner RT, Petersen BE, Shumake SA, Gaddis SE, Bourassa JB, Felix TA, ... Ames AD (2002). "Movements of a bullsnake (Pituophis catenifer) following predation of a radio-collared northern pocket gopher (Thomomys talpoides)". Western North American Naturalist62 (2): 240-242.
^Kaufman GA, Gibbons JW (1975). "Weight-Length Relationships in Thirteen Species of Snakes in the Southeastern United States". Herpetologica31 (1): 31-37.
^Schmidt KP, Davis DD (1941). Fieldbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (Pituophis sayi sayi, pp. 163-164 + Plate 18 + Figure 46 (map) on p. 161).
^Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. ISBN0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN0-395-19977-8 (paperback). ("Genus Pituophis", p. 198).
^Zim HS, Smith HM (1956). Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species: A Golden Nature Guide. New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. ("Bull Snakes", pp. 96-97).
^Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes). (Pituophis catenifer sayi, pp. 604–609, Figure 175 + Map 46 on p. 589).
Further reading
Schlegel H (1837). Essai sur la physionomie des serpens, Volume II., Partie Descriptive(in French). Amsterdam: M.H. Schonekat. 606 + xv pp. (Coluber sayi, new species, pp. 157–158.)
