Buckinghamia celsissima

Ivory curl tree
Street tree in Cairns, Queensland, December 2022
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Genus: Buckinghamia
Species:
B. celsissima
Binomial name
Buckinghamia celsissima

Buckinghamia celsissima, commonly known as the ivory curl tree, ivory curl flower or spotted silky oak, is a species of tree in the family Proteaceae. It is endemic to the tropical rainforests of northeastern Queensland, Australia.

Description

Buckinghamia celsissima is a large tree growing up to 30 m (98 ft) tall in its natural rainforest habitat,[4] but is much smaller when cultivated.[5][6] The leaves are dark green above and somewhat glaucous or whitish below, held on petioles about 10–20 mm (0.4–0.8 in) long.[4][7] While the first few leaves on a new shoot may be deeply lobed, those on older twigs are simple with entire margins (see gallery).[7] These mature leaves are elliptic and grow to lengths of around 20 cm (7.9 in) and 7 cm (2.8 in) wide.[4][7]

The showy cream-coloured flowers appear over summer and autumn.[4][7] The inflorescence is an axillary or terminal pendant raceme up to 27 cm (11 in) in length.[4][6][7] Individual flowers are densely clustered on the axis, on pedicels about 8 mm (0.3 in) long and have tepals around 7–10 mm (0.3–0.4 in) long.[4][7]

Fruits of the ivory curl tree are follicles, green in colour while developing but turning brown or black on maturity. At this point they are up to 30 mm (1.2 in) long by 20 mm (0.8 in) wide and contain up to 6 small brown seeds, which are released as the fruit dehisces.[4][7][8]

Taxonomy

This species was described in 1868 by the German-born Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller, based on material collected by John Dallachy near Rockingham Bay in 1865. Mueller published his description in volume 6 of his massive work Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae.[2][4][6][7] B. celsissima is one of only two species in the genus, the other being Buckinghamia ferruginiflora, described in 1988.[9]

Etymology

Mueller created the genus Buckinhamia in honour of Richard Temple-Grenville, the 3rd Duke of Buckingham. The species epithet celsissima is from the Latin celsus, meaning "tall", "proud" or "noble", combined with the suffix -issimus, "very".[4][5][6]

Distribution and habitat

The natural range of Buckinghamia celsissima is northeastern Queensland from near Rossville to the Paluma Range, north of Townsville, at altitudes from 200 m (660 ft) to 1,000 m (3,280 ft).[5][7][8]

It grows in well developed rainforest on deep red volcanic soils, as well as drier rainforest types associated with Kauri pine.[7][8]

Ecology

The ivory curl tree is one of the host species for larvae of the cornelian butterfly.[8] When in flower it will attract a variety of insects to the inflorescences, among them the beetle Dilochrosis brownii,[10] which in turn attracts insectivorous birds.[5] The seeds are eaten by crimson rosellas (Platycercus elegans).[4]

Conservation

This species is listed by the Queensland Department of Environment and Science as least concern.[1] As of 15 December 2022, it has not been assessed by the IUCN.

Cultivation

The ivory curl tree has become a popular planting in parks, streets and private gardens in regions far beyond the natural range of the tree. Its popularity is due to the ease of cultivation, the mass flowering and its variable foliage shape and colour. It grows well even as far south as Sydney and Melbourne, but only reaches about 7–8 m (23–26 ft) tall in these areas.[5][6][7][8]

  • Young tree in Brisbane
    Young tree in Brisbane
  • Foliage and flowers
    Foliage and flowers
  • Dehiscing fruit
    Dehiscing fruit
  • Flowers
    Flowers
  • Young lobed leaves
    Young lobed leaves
  • Lobed and entire leaves compared
    Lobed and entire leaves compared

References

  1. ^ a b "Species profile—Buckinghamia celsissima". Queensland Department of Environment and Science. Queensland Government. 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Buckinghamia celsissima". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI). Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  3. ^ "Buckinghamia celsissima F.Muell.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cooper, Wendy; Cooper, William T. (June 2004). Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest. Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia: Nokomis Editions. p. 408. ISBN 9780958174213.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Buckinghamia celsissima". Australian Botanic Garden Mount Annan. New South Wales Government. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Buckinghamia celsissima - Australian Native Plants Society (Australia)". Australian Native Plants Society (Australia). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Foreman, D.B.; Hyland, B.P.M. (2020). "Buckinghamia celsissima". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d e F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Buckinghamia celsissima". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  9. ^ "Buckinghamia F.Muell.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  10. ^ "Dilochrosis brownii from Cairns QLD, Australia". iNaturalist. 13 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.

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