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Brown goshawk
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Accipitriformes
Family:	Accipitridae
Genus:	Tachyspiza
Species:	T. fasciata
Binomial name
	Tachyspiza fasciata; (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827)

The brown goshawk (Tachyspiza fasciata) is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae found in Australia and surrounding islands. This species was formerly placed in the genus Accipiter.

Taxonomy

The brown goshawk was formally described in 1827 by the naturalists Nicholas Vigors and Thomas Horsfield under the binomial name Astur fasciatus.^[2] The type locality is the state of New South Wales in eastern Australia.^[3] The brown goshawk was formerly placed in the genus Accipiter. In 2024 a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study of the Accipitridae confirmed earlier work that had shown that the genus was polyphyletic.^[4]^[5] To resolve the non-monophyly, Accipiter was divided into six genera. The genus Tachyspiza was resurrected to accommodate the brown goshawk together with 26 other species that had previously been placed in Accipiter. The resurrected genus had been introduced in 1844 by the German naturalist Johann Jakob Kaup.^[6] The genus name combines the Ancient Greek ταχυς (takhus) meaning "fast" with σπιζιας (spizias) meaning "hawk".^[7] The specific epithet fasciatus, fasciata is Late Latin meaning "banded" or "striped".^[8]

Thirteen subspecies are recognised:^[6]

T. f. natalis (Lister, 1889) – Christmas Island (south of west Java)
T. f. wallacii (Sharpe, 1874) – Lombok to Babar Islands (north Lesser Sunda Islands)
T. f. tjendanae (Stresemann, 1925) – Sumba (southwest Lesser Sunda Islands)
T. f. stresemanni (Rensch, 1931) – Tanahjampea, Kalao, Bonerate, Kalaotoa and Madu (south, southeast of southwest Sulawesi) and Tukangbesi Islands (southeast of southeast Sulawesi)
T. f. savu (Mayr, 1941) – Savu (east of Sumba, central Lesser Sunda Islands)
T. f. hellmayri (Stresemann, 1922) – Rote Island, Semau and Timor (east Lesser Sunda Islands)
T. f. buruensis (Stresemann, 1914) – Buru (central west Moluccas)
T. f. dogwa (Rand, 1941) – Trans-Fly (central south New Guinea) and Boigu Island and Saibai Island (north Torres Strait islands, far northeast Australia)
T. f. polycrypta (Rothschild & Hartert, EJO, 1915) – east New Guinea
T. f. vigilax (Wetmore, 1926) – Vanuatu and New Caledonia including Loyalty Islands
T. f. didimus (Mathews, 1912) – northeast Western Australia to Cape York Peninsula, northeast Queensland (north Australia)
T. f. fasciata (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) – Australia (except north) and Tasmania, Rennell Island and Bellona Island (northwest of Rennell Island; south Solomon Islands)
T. f. rosseliana (Mayr, 1940) – Rossel Island (east Louisiade Archipelago, east of New Guinea)

Description

Its upperparts are grey with a chestnut collar; its underparts are mainly rufous, finely barred with white. Thus it has similar colouring to the collared sparrowhawk but is larger. The flight is fast and flexible. The body length is 40–55 cm (15.7–21.7 in); the wingspan, 75–95 cm (29.5–37.4 in). Females are noticeably larger: adult males weigh 220 g (7.8 oz), and adult females, 355 g (12.5 oz).

Distribution and habitat

The brown goshawk is widespread through Australia, Wallacea, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Vanuatu and Fiji.^[9] In Australia, it is found mainly in eucalypt forests and woodlands, as well as farmland and urban areas. In the Pacific, it mainly inhabits rainforest. It was also found on Norfolk Island to about 1790, and this may be another undescribed subspecies. However, the lack of specimens from Norfolk Island (1 historical skin and 9 subfossil bones is all the material that has been found)^[9] means that no genetic test can be conducted.

Feeding

Brown goshawks feed mainly on other medium-sized birds, while small mammals such as rats and rabbits are also taken. Brown goshawks often hunt near farmland or wetlands, where birds such as ducks, cockatoos and pigeons are plentiful. Smaller prey such as finches, pipits and fairy-wrens are also preyed on, right up to birds the size of domestic fowls and even large, aggressive birds such as currawongs and kookaburras. Bats,^[10] small reptiles, amphibians, and large insects are also occasionally eaten.

The main methods of catching prey are still-hunting, by which the goshawk waits on a hidden perch until prey comes within striking distance, and flying through undergrowth attempting to flush out small prey. Less often, goshawks will stoop on prey from above, or even chase small mammals on foot.

When a brown goshawk is discovered by other birds, smaller species panic and flee for cover, while larger birds such as ravens, crows and magpies will aggressively mob it until it leaves the area.

Breeding

It nests in tall trees on a platform of sticks and twigs lined with green leaves. The clutch size is usually three, sometimes two or four. The incubation period is about 30 days, with chicks fledging about 31 days after hatching.

References

^ BirdLife International (2016). "Accipiter fasciatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22695527A93513623. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695527A93513623.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Vigors, Nicholas Aylward; Horsfield, Thomas (1827). "Australian birds in the collection of the Linnean Society; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London (in English and Latin). 15 (1): 170-334 [181]. The title page is dated 1826.
^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 330.
^ Catanach, T.A.; Halley, M.R.; Pirro, S. (2024). "Enigmas no longer: using ultraconserved elements to place several unusual hawk taxa and address the non-monophyly of the genus Accipiter (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society: blae028. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blae028.
^ Mindell, D.; Fuchs, J.; Johnson, J. (2018). "Phylogeny, taxonomy, and geographic diversity of diurnal raptors: Falconiformes, Accipitriformes, and Cathartiformes". In Sarasola, J.H.; Grange, J.M.; Negro, J.J. (eds.). Birds of Prey: Biology and conservation in the XXI century. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. 3–32. ISBN 978-3-319-73744-7.
^ ^a ^b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors". IOC World Bird List Version 14.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
^ Jobling, James A. "Tachyspiza". The Key to Scientific Names. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
^ Jobling, James A. "fasciatus". The Key to Scientific Names. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
^ ^a ^b Tennyson, Alan A. D. (2007). Extinct birds of New Zealand (Reprint ed.). Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press. p. 60.
^ Mikula, P.; Morelli, F.; Lučan, R. K.; Jones, D. N.; Tryjanowski, P. (2016). "Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective". Mammal Review. 46 (3): 160–174. doi:10.1111/mam.12060.