Completed in 1868 by Jews from Brody, it was the first Reform synagogue and the first with an organ in the then Russian Empire, and the largest synagogue in what is now south Ukraine. The synagogue operated until 1920,[b] when it was closed by Soviet authorities and subsequently converted into Soviet government administration use as the Odessa State Archives. In 2016, the synagogue was handed back to the Jewish community to restore the building as an Orthodox synagogue and Jewish history museum.
During the peak of its activity, the synagogue attracted people came from all over the world to hear cantors sing.[2][4][5][6]
History
Early 1800s
In the early 1800s, Jewish immigrants began to stream into Odesa from Europe, many of them coming from the town of Brody in western Ukraine.[7][8]
In the 1840s, the Brody Jews leased their first synagogue, at the corner of Pushkin and Postal (now Zhukovsky) streets in a relatively small house from the wealthy Greek businessman Ksenysu.[9] The Cantor was Rabbi Nissan Blumenthal, who had also come from the town of Brody.[10][11][12]
The reformation of synagogues was also one of the priorities of Maskilim in the city, the Brodsky Synagogue, soon become a model for Jewish prayer in the region. The older Glavnaia synagogue, formerly known as Beit Knesset Ha Gadol established in 1795 and located in main arteries of the city, was transformed on the lines of Brody Synagogue. [13]
One of the documents from the Office of Novorossiysk and Bessarabian Governor-General, dated 1852, states: "All the educated people of the Jewish community in Odesa are going there. Their school leases a house, but it is deliberately arranged. The hall is quite extensive, there is also a gallery for the women…”[4]
The new synagogue
In 1860, they received permission to begin building a new synagogue. It was designed by the famous architect Joseph N. Kollovich in the Gothic and Renaissance revival styles, built with local limestone, and completed in 1868.[1] It was the largest synagogue in the south of the then Russian empire.[14]
Many famous composers and singers performed in the synagogue. Among them was David Novakovsky, a composer,[15] and Cantor Pinhas Minkowsky.[8]
In 1897, Jews made up 34.6% of the city's population, making Odesa was the second-largest Jewish city, after Warsaw.[7]
The Soviet era and World War II
In 1920, all the synagogues in Odesa were taken away from the Jewish community. In 1925, the Brody Synagogue was turned into the Rosa Luxemburg Workers Club, which was a meeting place to push socialist propaganda.[7] The Ten Commandments over the synagogue's ark were covered with a photo of Lenin.[19][20]
In 1939, the Jewish population of Odesa had numbered 80,000 to 90,000, but by 1945 only 5,000 remained.[7]
During World War II, Adolf Hitler requested Romanian leader Ion Antonescu to occupy the Ukrainian territory between Dniester and Bug Rivers. In those days, the Odesa Oblast State Archive was located in the basement of the Uspensky cathedral. The Romanians moved the archive into the Brodsky Synagogue.[3][21]
Recent history
The synagogue in 2016
In August 1985, the Odesa Oblast Council established the Brodsky Synagogue as a monument of local importance. In June 2006, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine included the building in the State Register of Monuments of Ukraine.[22][23]
In August 2015, the building was on the verge of collapse and had not been renovated for many years. The walls were held by the bookshelves inside.[16][24][25]
As of February 2016[update], the Brodsky Synagogue was returned to the Jewish Community of Odesa. The decision was reached by a decisive majority of the regional council who voted to transfer the building taken from its community nearly 100 years ago.[26] The building, once restored, will house an Orthodox Chabad-Lubavitch congregation[27] and the Odesa Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center.[28] When restored, it is expected that the Chief Rabbi of Odesa and Southern Ukraine, Avraham Wolff, will lead the congregation.[29]
^ ab"Та Одесса. Бродская синагога в очереди на уничтожение (фото)". Новости Одессы – Таймер (in Russian). 11 January 2010. В одном из документов канцелярии Новороссийского и Бессарабского генерал-губернатора, датируемым 1852 годом, сказано: «Тут собираются все люди образованные из общества евреев в Одессе. Их школа в нанимаемом доме, но нарочито к тому устроенная. Зала довольно обширная, имеет так же галерею для женщин…[dead link]
^Khanin, Vladimir (1 January 1998). "A Rabbinical Revolution? Religion, Power and Politics in the Contemporary Ukrainian Jewish Movement". Jewish Political Studies Review. 10 (1/2): 73–91. JSTOR25834416.
^ abZonis, Victor (n.d.). "БРОДСКАЯ СИНАГОГ – АГОНИЯ РАВНОДУШИЯ"(PDF). State Television (Interview). Archived from the original(PDF) on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2024 – via The World Union for Progressive Judaism.
