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Breynia
	Breynia disticha
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Malpighiales
Family:	Phyllanthaceae
Subfamily:	Phyllanthoideae
Tribe:	Phyllantheae
Genus:	Breynia; J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (1776), nom. cons.
Species
	93; see text
Synonyms
	Aalius Rumph. ex Kuntze (1891), nom. superfl.; Breyniopsis Beille (1925); Ceratogynum Wight (1852); Diplomorpha Griff. (1854), nom. illeg.; Foersteria Scop. (1777); Forsteria Steud. (1821); Heterocalymnantha Domin (1927); Melanthesa Blume (1826); Melanthesopsis Müll.Arg. (1863); Sauropus Blume (1826);

Breynia is a genus in the flowering plant family Phyllanthaceae, first described in 1776. It is native to Southeast Asia, China, Réunion, the Indian Subcontinent, Papuasia and Australia.^[1]

The name Breynia is a conserved name, it is recognized despite the existence of an earlier use of the same name to refer to a different plant. Breynia L. 1753 is in the Capparaceae, but it is a rejected name. We here discuss Breynia J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. 1776.^[2]

In a 2006 revision of the Phyllanthaceae, it was recommended that Breynia be subsumed in Phyllanthus; however, new combinations in Phyllanthus for former Breynia species remain to be published.^[3]

Breynia are of special note in the fields of pollination biology and coevolution because they have a specialized mutualism with moths in the genus Epicephala (leafflower moths), in which the moths actively pollinate the flowers—thereby ensuring that the tree may produce viable seeds—but also lay eggs in the flowers' ovaries or in the space between the tepals and the carpel walls, from where their larvae consume a subset of the developing seeds as nourishment.^[4]^[5] Other species of Epicephala are pollinators, and in some cases, non-pollinating seed predators, of certain species of plants in the genera Phyllanthus^[6]^[7] and Glochidion,^[8]^[9]^[10] both closely related to Breynia.^[11] This relationship is similar to those between figs and fig wasps and yuccas and yucca moths.

Species

93 species are accepted.^[1]

Breynia amabilis (Airy Shaw) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia amoebiflora (Airy Shaw) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia androgyna (L.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr.
Breynia assimilis (Thwaites) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr.
Breynia asteranthos (Airy Shaw) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia asymmetrica (Welzen) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia baudouinii Beille – Vietnam
Breynia beillei Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia bicolor (Craib) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr.
Breynia bishnupadae (M.Gangop. & Chakrab.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr.
Breynia bonii (Beille) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia brevipes (Müll.Arg.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr.
Breynia calcarea (M.R.Hend.) Welzen & Pruesapan – W Malaysia
Breynia carnosa Welzen & Pruesapan – Vietnam
Breynia cernua (Poir.) Müll.Arg. – Northern Territory of Australia, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Sulawesi, Philippines, Borneo, Java
Breynia collaris Airy Shaw – Papua New Guinea
Breynia coriacea Beille – Vietnam
Breynia coronata Hook.f. – Thailand, W Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra
Breynia delavayi (Croizat) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia discigera Müll.Arg. – Thailand, W Malaysia, Sumatra
Breynia discocalyx (Welzen) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia disticha J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. – Vanuatu, New Caledonia; naturalized in West Indies, Florida, Gambia, and scattered oceanic islands
Breynia diversifolia Beille – Vietnam
Breynia fleuryi Beille – Vietnam
Breynia fruticosa (L.) Müll.Arg. – Vietnam, Thailand, S China
Breynia garrettii (Craib) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr.
Breynia glauca Craib – Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Borneo
Breynia gour-maitii (Chakrab. & M.Gangop.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr.
Breynia grandiflora Beille – Vietnam
Breynia granulosa (Airy Shaw) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia gynophora Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia harmandii (Beille) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia heteroblasta (Airy Shaw) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia heyneana J.J.Sm. – Lesser Sunda Islands in Indonesia
Breynia hiemalis Huan C.Wang & Feng Yang
Breynia hirsuta (Beille) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia indosinensis Beille – Vietnam, Laos
Breynia kerrii (Airy Shaw) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia kitanovii (Thin) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia lanceolata (Hook.f.) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia lithophila Welzen & Pruesapan – Thailand
Breynia macrantha (Hassk.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr.
Breynia maichauensis (Thin) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia massiei Beille – Laos
Breynia micrasterias (Airy Shaw) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia microphylla (Kurz ex Teijsm. & Binn.) Müll.Arg. – Sumatera, Java, Sulawesi
Breynia mollis J.J.Sm. – New Guinea
Breynia oblongifolia (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. – Papua New Guinea, Queensland, New South Wales, Northern Territory
Breynia obscura Welzen & Pruesapan – W Malaysia
Breynia officinalis Hemsl.
Breynia orbicularis (Craib) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia pierrei (Beille) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia platycalyx Airy Shaw – W New Guinea
Breynia po-khantii (Chakrab. & M.Gangop.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr.
Breynia podocarpa Airy Shaw – Papua New Guinea, Northern Territory
Breynia poilanei (Beille) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia poomae (Welzen & Chayam.) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia pseudorostrata Huan C.Wang & Feng Yang
Breynia pubescens Merr. – Maluku
Breynia pulchella (Airy Shaw) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia quadrangularis (Willd.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr.
Breynia racemosa (Blume) Müll.Arg. – Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Thailand, Myanmar, W Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Philippines, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago
Breynia repanda (Müll.Arg.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr.
Breynia repens Welzen & Pruesapan – Thailand
Breynia reticulata (S.L.Mo ex P.T.Li) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia retroversa (Wight) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr.
Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston – Réunion, India, Tibet, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, E Himalayas, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, W Malaysia
Breynia rhynchocarpa Benth. – Northern Territory of Australia
Breynia rigida (Thwaites) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr.
Breynia rostrata Merr. – Vietnam, S China
Breynia saksenana (Manilal, Prasann. & Sivar.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr.
Breynia septata Beille – Vietnam
Breynia shawii (Welzen) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia similis (Craib) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia spatulifolia (Beille) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia stipitata Müll.Arg. – Northern Territory, Queensland
Breynia subangustifolia Thin – Vietnam
Breynia suberosa (Airy Shaw) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia subindochinensis Thin – Vietnam
Breynia subterblanca (C.E.C.Fisch.) C.E.C.Fisch.
Breynia temii (Welzen & Chayam.) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia thoii (Thin) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia thorelii (Beille) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia thyrsiflora (Welzen) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia tiepii Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia tonkinensis Beille – Vietnam
Breynia trinervia (Hook.f. & Thomson ex Müll.Arg.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr.
Breynia tsiangii (P.T.Li) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia vestita Warb. – New Guinea, Kai Island in Maluku Province of Indonesia
Breynia villosa (Blanco) Welzen & Pruesapan
Breynia virgata (Blume) Müll.Arg. – Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands
Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C.Fisch. – China, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Indochina, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, W Malaysia, Sumatra, Philippines
Breynia yanhuiana (P.T.Li) Welzen & Pruesapan

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Breynia J.R.Forst. & G.Forst". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
^ Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000). World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae) 1-4: 1-1622. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
^ Hoffmann, Petra; Kathriarachchi, Hashendra S.; Wurdack, Kenneth J. (2006). "A Phylogenetic Classification of Phyllanthaceae". Kew Bulletin. 61 (1): 37–53.
^ Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. 2004. Obligate pollination mutualism in Breynia (Phyllanthaceae): further documentation of pollination mutualism involving Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae). American Journal of Botany. 91: 1319–1325.
^ Zhang, J.; Wang, S.; Li, H.; Hu, B.; Yang, X.; Wang, Z. 2012. "Diffuse coevolution between two Epicephala species (Gracillariidae) and two Breynia species (Phyllanthaceae). PLOS ONE. 7: e41657.
^ Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. 2004. "Evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in New Caledonian Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae)." American Journal of Botany 91: 410–415.
^ Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. 2009. "Repeated independent evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the Phyllantheae-Epicephala association." Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 276: 417–426.
^ Kato, M.; Takimura, A.; Kawakita, A. (2003) "An obligate pollination mutualism and reciprocal diversification in the tree genus Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 100 (9): 5264–5267
^ Hembry, D. H.; Okamoto, T.; Gillespie, R. G. (2012) Repeated colonization of remote islands by specialized mutualists. Biology Letters. 8: 258–261.
^ Luo, S.-X.; Yao, G.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, D.; Hembry, D. H. (2017) "A novel, enigmatic basal leafflower moth lineage pollinating a derived leafflower host illustrates the dynamics of host shifts, partner replacement, and apparent co-adaptation in intimate mutualisms." The American Naturalist. 189: 422–435.
^ Kathriarachchi, H.; Samuel, R.; Hoffmann, P.; Mlinarec, J.; Wurdack, K. J.; Ralimanana, H.; Stuessy, T. F.; Chase, M. W. 2006. "Phylogenetics of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae: Euphorbiaceae sensu lato) based on nrITS and plastid matK DNA sequence data." American Journal of Botany. 93: 637–655.