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Robert A. Whitehead (born November 1, 1953) is an American video game designer and programmer. While working for Atari, Inc. he wrote two of the nine Atari Video Computer System launch titles: Blackjack and Star Ship. After leaving Atari, he cofounded third party video game developer Activision, then Accolade. He left the video game industry in the mid-1980s.

Career

Whitehead attended San Jose State University and received a BS in Mathematics.^[1]

Whitehead worked for Atari, Inc. in the late 1970s developing games for the Video Computer System (later renamed to the Atari 2600). He developed several games, including a VCS implementation of chess, a feat many other programmers considered impossible for the system.^[1] He and his co-workers David Crane, Larry Kaplan, and Alan Miller became informally known as the "Gang of Four", a group of developers who felt inadequately compensated for their work despite being collectively responsible for 60 percent of the company's profits from VCS cartridge sales.^[2]

Whitehead is sometimes credited as co-author, together with the rest of the Gang of Four, of the operating system for the Atari 400/800 computers.^[a] It has been however clarified both by Al Miller^[7] and by Whitehead himself^{[citation needed]} that he was not involved in the OS development, although he took part in developing applications for the computers.

Eventually the Gang of Four, disgruntled by the management's decline to provide more recognition and fair compensation to the developers, decided to leave Atari and start their own business. Whitehead together with Miller, Crane and Kaplan co-founded Activision, the first third-party video game developer, in October 1979.^[1]

There, with others, he created a VCS development system with an integrated debugger and minicomputer-hosted assembler. It was used for most of Activision's VCS titles. He also developed a "venetian blinds" animation technique: an algorithm that horizontally reused and vertically interlaced sprites several times while rendering each frame, to give the illusion that the system had more than the maximum number of sprites allowed by the hardware.

In 1984, he and other founders of Activision became disillusioned with their company.^{[citation needed]} Their stock had dwindled in value and morale was low. They thought that diversification to the home computer market — such as with the Commodore 64 — was the key to success. He left Activision with Alan Miller (another co-founder of Activision), and they founded Accolade. Soon after, Whitehead left the video game industry for good.^[1]

Whitehead left in order to "give back to God and spend time with 'the fam'". After leaving Accolade, Whitehead says he helped with "low income families, getting non-profit religious start-ups going, [and] spending time in the garden."^[1]

In a 2005 interview,^[8] Whitehead said of the contemporary state of the industry:

Too dark and derivative for my taste. The console and computer gaming business is too narrowly defined by the 14 [year old] male mentality and all his not-so-honorable fantasies. It's being driven by what has worked and afraid of what a 10 million dollar development bust will entail. It has lost its moral compass.^[1]

Games

Atari 2600

Home Run (Atari)
Football (Atari)
Blackjack (Atari)
Casino (Atari)
Star Ship (Atari)
Video Chess (Atari)
Boxing (Activision)
Stampede (Activision)
Chopper Command (Activision)
Private Eye (Activision)
Skiing (Activision)
Sky Jinks (Activision)
Venetian Blinds (Activision)^[9]

Commodore 64

4th & Inches (Accolade)
HardBall! (Accolade)^[10]

Notes

^ Examples include the OS source code comments,^[3] David Crane,^[4]^[5] and Atari 400/800 system designer Joe Decuir.^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Interview with Bob Whitehead from DigitPress.com
^ Flemming, Jeffrey (July 30, 2007). "The History Of Activision". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
^ "Operating System sources". XL Addendum - Atari Home Computer System - Operating System Manual - Supplement to ATARI 400/800 Technical Reference Notes (PDF). Atari, Inc. 1984. OS listing p.1. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
^ Thomasson, Michael (n.d.). "INTERVIEW - David Crane". Good Deal Games. There is a period at Atari when there were no games coming from Larry Kaplan, Alan Miller, Bob Whitehead, and myself. As the most senior designers at Atari we were tasked with creating the 800 operating system. This group, plus two others, wrote the entire operating system in about 8 months.
^ Kindig, Randy; Savetz, Kevin; Arnold, Brad (February 25, 2016) [Conducted October 23, 2015]. "ANTIC Interview 136 - David Crane, Pitfall!, Atari 400/800 OS". ANTIC The Atari 8-bit Podcast (Podcast). Event occurs at 15:56. Retrieved September 27, 2019. You know we had a - I guess that we had the four of us - Larry Kaplan, Al Miller, Bob Whitehead and myself; we had a couple of contractors who were brought in who had done communications with hard drives and things, floppy disks, things like that.
^ Decuir, Joe (May 6, 2019) [Recorded May 5, 2019]. Atari 800 Series Computers: 40 Years. Vintage Computer Festival East 2019. Event occurs at 1:12:36. Archived from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2019. BIOS Software: Al Miller, David Crane, Larry Kaplan, Bob Whitehead & Howard Bornstein{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ Saunders, Glenn (1997). "Tape 08 - David Crane, Al Miller". Stella at 20 - An Atari 2600 Retrospective. Event occurs at 4:45. Retrieved September 27, 2019. So there's this one year period where Atari actually took its most productive VCS programmers and put them on the 400/800 computer. I'd say most productive with the exception of Bob [Whitehead] - Bob continued to work on VCS carts.
^ Digital Press Interviews
^ "Atari Compendium".
^ "Atari Compendium".

External links

[7] Examples include the OS source code comments,^[3] David Crane,^[4]^[5] and Atari 400/800 system designer Joe Decuir.^[6]

[dpinterview-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Interview with Bob Whitehead from DigitPress.com

[Gamasutra-2] Flemming, Jeffrey (July 30, 2007). "The History Of Activision". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2019.

[atari-os-source-3] "Operating System sources". XL Addendum - Atari Home Computer System - Operating System Manual - Supplement to ATARI 400/800 Technical Reference Notes (PDF). Atari, Inc. 1984. OS listing p.1. Retrieved September 27, 2019.

[gdg-crane-4] Thomasson, Michael (n.d.). "INTERVIEW - David Crane". Good Deal Games. There is a period at Atari when there were no games coming from Larry Kaplan, Alan Miller, Bob Whitehead, and myself. As the most senior designers at Atari we were tasked with creating the 800 operating system. This group, plus two others, wrote the entire operating system in about 8 months.

[antic2015-5] Kindig, Randy; Savetz, Kevin; Arnold, Brad (February 25, 2016) [Conducted October 23, 2015]. "ANTIC Interview 136 - David Crane, Pitfall!, Atari 400/800 OS". ANTIC The Atari 8-bit Podcast (Podcast). Event occurs at 15:56. Retrieved September 27, 2019. You know we had a - I guess that we had the four of us - Larry Kaplan, Al Miller, Bob Whitehead and myself; we had a couple of contractors who were brought in who had done communications with hard drives and things, floppy disks, things like that.

[decuir-6] Decuir, Joe (May 6, 2019) [Recorded May 5, 2019]. Atari 800 Series Computers: 40 Years. Vintage Computer Festival East 2019. Event occurs at 1:12:36. Archived from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2019. BIOS Software: Al Miller, David Crane, Larry Kaplan, Bob Whitehead & Howard Bornstein{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

[stella-at-20-8] Saunders, Glenn (1997). "Tape 08 - David Crane, Al Miller". Stella at 20 - An Atari 2600 Retrospective. Event occurs at 4:45. Retrieved September 27, 2019. So there's this one year period where Atari actually took its most productive VCS programmers and put them on the 400/800 computer. I'd say most productive with the exception of Bob [Whitehead] - Bob continued to work on VCS carts.

[dpinterviewdate-9] Digital Press Interviews

[10] "Atari Compendium".

[11] "Atari Compendium".

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Bob Whitehead

Career

Games

Atari 2600

Commodore 64

Notes

References

External links

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