Blind spot (vision)

For other uses, see Blind spot (disambiguation).
In vertebrate eyes, the nerve fibers route before the retina, blocking some light and creating a blind spot where the fibers pass through the retina and out of the eye. In octopus eyes, the nerve fibers route behind the retina, and do not block light or disrupt the retina. In the example, 4 denotes the vertebrate blind spot, which is notably absent in the octopus eye. In both images, 1 denotes the retina and 2 the nerve fibers, including the optic nerve (3).
Distribution of rods and cones along a line passing through the fovea and the blind spot of a human eye[1]

A blind spot, scotoma, is an obscuration of the visual field. A particular blind spot known as the physiological blind spot, "blind point", or punctum caecum in medical literature, is the place in the visual field that corresponds to the lack of light-detecting photoreceptor cells on the optic disc of the retina where the optic nerve passes through the optic disc.[2] Because there are no cells to detect light on the optic disc, the corresponding part of the field of vision is invisible. Via processes in the brain, the blind spot is interpolated based on surrounding detail and information from the other eye, so it is not normally perceived.

Although all vertebrates have this blind spot, cephalopod eyes, which are only superficially similar because they evolved independently, do not. In them, the optic nerve approaches the receptors from behind, so it does not create a break in the retina.

The first documented observation of the phenomenon was in the 1660s by Edme Mariotte in France. At the time it was generally thought that the point at which the optic nerve entered the eye should actually be the most sensitive portion of the retina; however, Mariotte's discovery disproved this theory.

The blind spot in humans is located about 12–15° temporally and 1.5° below the horizontal and is roughly 7.5° high and 5.5° wide.[3]

Blind spot test

Demonstration of the blind spot
R L
Instructions: Close one eye and focus the other on the appropriate letter (R for right or L for left). Place your eye a distance from the screen approximately equal to three times the distance between the R and the L. Move your eye towards or away from the screen until you notice the other letter disappear. For example, close your right eye, look at the "L" with your left eye, and the "R" will disappear.

Night blind spot

Night blind spot

It is estimated that once fully adapted to darkness, the rods are 10,000 times more sensitive to light than the cones, making them the primary receptors for night vision. Since the cones are concentrated near the fovea, the rods are also responsible for much of the peripheral vision. The concentration of cones in the fovea can make a night blind spot in the center of the field of vision.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ Brian A. Wandell (1 January 1995). Foundations of Vision. Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-853-7.
  2. ^ Gregory, R., & Cavanagh, P. (2011). "The Blind Spot". Scholarpedia. Retrieved on 2011-05-21.
  3. ^ MIL-STD-1472F, Military Standard, Human Engineering, Design Criteria For Military Systems, Equipment, And Facilities (23 Aug 1999) PDF
  4. ^ "Chapter 17: Aeromedical Factors". Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (FAA-H-8083-25C ed.). Federal Aviation Administration. 2023-07-17. p. 22. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

Read other articles:

Amisan (Gangwon)

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. AmisanTitik tertinggiKetinggian960,8 m (3.152 ft)GeografiLetakKorea Selatan Nama KoreaHangul아미산 Hanja娥眉山 Alih AksaraAmisanMcCune–ReischauerAmisan Amisan adalah sebuah gunung di county Hongcheon, Gangwon-do, di Korea Selatan. Ti...

 

Lady (Devil May Cry)

Fictional character in the Devil May Cry Fictional character LadyDevil May Cry characterLady as seen in her Devil May Cry 5 appearanceFirst appearanceDevil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening (2005)Created byBingo MorihashiDesigned byDaigo Ikeno (Devil May Cry 3)Tatsuya Yoshikawa (Devil May Cry 4, Devil May Cry 5)Voiced by English Kari Wahlgren (Devil May Cry 3 and 4) Melissa Davis (The Animated Series) Kate Higgins (Devil May Cry 4: Special Edition and 5) Japanese Fumiko Orikasa Motion captureSteph...

 

Melissa (nama)

MelissaLebah madu, arti dari nama Melissa.PelafalanMel-lis-saJenis kelaminperempuanBahasaYunaniAsal usulBahasaYunaniKataμέλισσα (melissa)Artilebah maduDaerah asalYunaniAlternatifEjaan alternatifMelisaBentuk singkatMelNama terkaitMelinda, Melita, Melina Melissa adalah nama yang diberikan untuk anak perempuan. Nama tersebut berasal dari bahasa Yunani μέλισσα (Melissa) berarti lebah madu; dan dari μέλι (meli) berarti madu. Bandingkan dengan bahasa Het melit. Asal usul Menurut m...

Gerben Thijssen

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Thijssen. Gerben ThijssenGerben Thijssen en 2019InformationsNaissance 21 juin 1998 (25 ans)GenkNationalité belgeÉquipe actuelle Intermarché-WantyÉquipes non-UCI 2015-2016Acrog-Balen BC2017-7.2018Lotto-Soudal U23Équipes UCI 8.2018-2018Lotto-Soudal (stagiaire)7.2019-2021Lotto-Soudal2022Intermarché-Wanty-Gobert Matériaux2023Intermarché-Circus-Wanty2024-Intermarché-WantyPrincipales victoires Championnat Champion d'Europe de course à l'élimination...

 

Hallo Berlin

Restaurant in New York City, New YorkHallo BerlinRestaurant informationClosed2017; 7 years ago (2017)CityNew York CityStateNew York Hallo Berlin was a restaurant at 626 Tenth Avenue between West 44th and 45th Streets in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of New York City. It consisted of a beer garden restaurant and a street cart. They served authentic German beer and cuisine like frankfurters, sauerkraut, potato pancakes, red cabbage, spätzle, wursts and other foods.[1 ...

 

Pioneer 11

Pioneer 11Sonde spatiale Vue d'artiste de la sonde Pioneer 11.Données générales Organisation NASA/ Ames Constructeur TRW Programme Pioneer Domaine Exploration de Jupiter et de Saturne Statut Mission achevée Autres noms Pioneer-G Lanceur Atlas-Centaur Identifiant COSPAR 1973-019A Protection planétaire Catégorie II[1] Site spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/pioneer/PNhome.html Principaux jalons Lancement 6 avril 1973 Survol de Jupiter 3 décembre 1974 Survol de Saturne 1er septemb...

Pogrom (horse)

British Thoroughbred racehorse PogromPogrom in 1922.SireLembergGrandsireCylleneDamPopingaolDamsireDark RonaldSexMareFoaled1919[1]CountryUnited KingdomColourBayBreederWaldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount AstorOwnerLord AstorTrainerAlec Taylor, Jr.Record12: 7-4-0Major winsEpsom Oaks (1922)Coronation Stakes (1922)Newmarket Oaks (1922) Pogrom (1919 – 1933) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. As a two-year-old in 1921 she showed considerable promise by winning four of her six ...

 

غيم بوي

غيم بويالشعارمعلومات عامةالماركة نينتندو النوع منصة ألعاب فيديو محمولة يدوياالصانع نينتندو المطور نينتندو للبحث والتطوير 1 عائلة المنتج خط إنتاج الغيم بويالجيل الجيل الرابعالسعر المبدئي 89٫95 دولار أمريكي المبيعات عالمياً: 118.69 مليون وحدة ، مع جهاز الغيم بوي كولرأهم التوا...

 

West Indian cricket team in India in 2006–07

International cricket tour West Indies cricket team in India in 2006–07    West Indies IndiaDates 21 January – 31 January 2007Captains Brian Lara Rahul DravidOne Day International seriesResults India won the 4-match series 3–1Most runs Shivnarine Chanderpaul (229) Rahul Dravid (211)Most wickets Dwayne Bravo (6) Ajit Agarkar (7)Player of the series Sachin Tendulkar (Ind) The West Indies cricket team toured India for 4-match ODI series from 21 January 2007 to 31 January 200...

Повітряні сили Збройних сил України

Ця стаття потребує додаткових посилань на джерела для поліпшення її перевірності. Будь ласка, допоможіть удосконалити цю статтю, додавши посилання на надійні (авторитетні) джерела. Зверніться на сторінку обговорення за поясненнями та допоможіть виправити недоліки. Мат...

 

بطولة تونس للكرة الطائرة للرجال 1998-1999

بطولة تونس للكرة الطائرة للرجال الموسم 1999-1998 البلد تونس  المنظم الجامعة التونسية للكرة الطائرة  النسخة 44 الفائز الترجي الرياضي التونسي بطولة تونس للكرة الطائرة للرجال 1997-1998 بطولة تونس للكرة الطائرة للرجال 1999-2000 تعديل مصدري - تعديل   بطولة تونس للكرة الطائرة للرجال ...

 

شرطة النظام (ألمانيا النازية)

شرطة النظام (ألمانيا النازية) شرطة النظام (ألمانيا النازية)‌   البلد ألمانيا النازية  المقر الرئيسي برلين  تاريخ التأسيس 26 يونيو 1936  تاريخ الحل 1945  المنظمة الأم قوات الأمن الخاصة النازية  عدد الموظفين 401300 (1944)  شرطة الولاية  فولكسبوليزي،  وشرطة الولاي...

Carlota Castrejana

Questa voce sugli argomenti atleti spagnoli e cestisti spagnoli è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. Carlota CastrejanaNazionalità Spagna Altezza188 cm Peso70 kg Pallacanestro Termine carriera2011 CarrieraSquadre di club  R.C. Valencia2010-2011 Estudiantes Nazionale 1989-1992 Spagna71 (215) Palmarès  Giochi del Mediterraneo OroAtene 1991  Universiadi ArgentoSh...

 

Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota

Official in the U.S state of South Dakota Lieutenant Governor of South DakotaSeal of South DakotaIncumbentLarry Rhodensince January 5, 2019StyleThe HonorableTerm length4 years, renewable once, same election with The governor's TicketInaugural holderJames H. Fletcher, 1889FormationConstitution of South DakotaSalary$112,885.76WebsiteGovernor's Website The lieutenant governor of South Dakota is the second-ranking member of the executive branch of South Dakota state government and also serve...

 

大國魂神社

この項目では、東京都府中市の神社について説明しています。その他の同名神社については「大国魂神社 (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。 大國魂神社 拝殿 所在地 東京都府中市宮町3-1位置 北緯35度40分2.87秒 東経139度28分44.19秒 / 北緯35.6674639度 東経139.4789417度 / 35.6674639; 139.4789417 (大國魂神社)座標: 北緯35度40分2.87秒 東経139度28分44.19秒 / ࿯...

Condon Air Force Station

United States radar station This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Condon Air Force Station Part of Air Defense Command (ADC)Condon Air Force Station, circa 1962Condon AFSLocation of Condon AFS, OregonCoordinates45°14′12″N 120°18′06″W / 45.23667°N 120.30167°W...

 

于晓方

此條目或其章節极大或完全地依赖于某个单一的来源。请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目。致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：于晓方 — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（判定指引） 于晓方，浙江大学医学院教授、约翰斯霍普金斯大学公共卫生学院教授，主要从事分子病毒学和免疫学领域的研究工作�...

 

Championnat de Malte de football 2019-2020

Premier League2019-2020 Généralités Sport Football Organisateur(s) MFA Édition 105e Lieu(x) Malte Date du 23 août 2019au 2020 Participants 14 équipes Site web officiel Malta FA Hiérarchie Hiérarchie 1er échelon Niveau inférieur First Division 2019-2020 Palmarès Tenant du titre Valletta FC Promu(s) en début de saison Sirens FCGudja UnitedSt. Lucia FC Vainqueur Floriana FC (26e titre) Deuxième Valletta FC Troisième Hibernians FC Relégué(s) Aucun relégué Meilleur(s) buteu...

河口湖

この項目では、山梨県にある湖について説明しています。かつて山梨県南都留郡に所在した町については「河口湖町」を、とんねるずのアルバムについては「河口湖 (アルバム)」をご覧ください。 河口湖 所在地 山梨県南都留郡富士河口湖町位置 北緯35度31分4秒 東経138度45分22秒 / 北緯35.51778度 東経138.75611度 / 35.51778; 138.75611座標: 北緯35度31分4秒 東経13...

 

New Hampshire Grants

Land grants in colonial New Hampshire (1749-64); later became the Republic of Vermont This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The New Hampshire Grants (yellow) on a contemporary map by Thomas Jefferys The New Hampshire Grants or Benning Wentworth Grants were land grants made between 1749 and 17...