Title page of the first volume of Mizler's Musikalische Bibliothek [de] (1739). Its fourth part (first published in April 1738) contained an article defending Bach's art against the criticism Johann Adolph Scheibe had published in May 1737. The 1754 last volume of the Musikalische Bibliothek (IV, 1) contained Bach's obituary.
Little was published about Bach's life in the 18th century, his "Nekrolog" (obituary) being the most extended biographical note about the composer's life.
Contemporary biographical sources
No writings by Johann Sebastian Bach were published during his lifetime. He declined Johann Mattheson's invitation to write an autobiographical sketch for inclusion in the Ehrenpforte.[1] There is little biographical material to be found in the compositions published during his lifetime: the glimpse perceived from the dedication of The Musical Offering to Frederick the Great being a small exception. There are however some letters by the composer in which he gives autobiographical detail, including the letter he wrote in 1730 to Georg Erdmann, and the letter he had joined to the score of his Mass for the Dresden court in 1733.[2] Other contemporary sources include archived reports, like those of the decisions of the Leipzig city council.[3]
Contemporary publications, like Johann Mattheson's Beschützte Orchestre, Johann Adolph Scheibe's Critischer Musicus and Lorenz Christoph Mizler's Musikalische Bibliothek, rather write about Bach's music than about his life.[4][5][6] Bach's entry in Johann Gottfried Walther's 1732 Lexikon is a rare exception in giving biographical information on the composer.[7]
Bach's "Nekrolog" was published in 1754 in the fourth volume of Mizler's Musikalische Bibliothek.[8] With less than 20 pages it is the most comprehensive 18th-century publication on the composer's life.
Other 18th century biographical material
For the remainder of the century short biographies of the composer appeared in reference works like Johann Adam Hiller's Lebensbeschreibungen berühmter Musikgelehrten und Tonkünstler neurer Zeit,[9]Ernst Ludwig Gerber's Historisch-biographisches Lexikon der Tonkünstler[10] and Friedrich Carl Gottlieb Hirsching's Historisch-literarisches Handbuch.[11] The descriptions in such biographical articles were nearly exclusively based on the "Nekrolog", often copied with errors.[12]
Forkel's biography was published shortly after the 50th anniversary of the composer's death, and concentrated mostly on an analysis of his compositions. The first biography based on an extensive research of primary sources was published by Spitta in the second half of the 19th century.
A century after the composer's death two short biographies were published. Joh. Carl Schauer published Joh. Seb. Bach's Lebensbild : Eine Denkschrift auf seinem 100 jährigen Todestag, den 28. Jul. 1850, aus Thüringen, seinem Vaterlande,[16] and Carl L. Hilgenfeldt published Johann Sebastian Bach's Leben, Wirken und Werke: ein Beitrag zur Kunstgeschichte des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts (Johann Sebastian Bach's life, influence and works: a contribution to the art history of the 18th century) "als Programm zu dem am 28. Julius 1850 eintretenden Säculartage des Todes von Johann Sebastian Bach" (as a program for the centennial days of Johann Sebastian Bach's death, starting 28 July 1850).[17]
Bitter's multi-volume biography
In 1865 Karl Hermann Bitter published a two-volume Bach biography. The biography contains some documents from Bach's time that had not been published before, presented with a wealth of historical inferences and personal reflections.[18] An abridged English translation of the biography appeared in 1873. Shortly after becoming Prussian minister of finance in 1879, Bitter published an enlarged reworking in four volumes of the biography.[19]
Philipp Spitta's Johann Sebastian Bach was published in Leipzig in two volumes, in 1873 and 1880 respectively. Its English translation was published by Novello in three volumes.
In his introduction Spitta dismisses all previous biographies apart from the "Nekrolog", Forkel, and part of Gerber.[20] He is particularly harsh on Bitter.[21] Spitta's biography went down in history as "... the most ... comprehensive and important single work on Johann Sebastian Bach".[22] It eclipsed the previous biographies and laid down premises and methodology for future Bach scholarship.[23]
Bach-biography in English
In the United Kingdom the 19th-century Bach Revival was inscribed in existing traditions respecting baroque music.[24] The Bach-biographies that were published in English were throughout the century largely based on German examples. An amateurish[25] translation of Forkel had appeared in London in 1820.[26]Edward Francis Rimbault had published his Hilgenfeldt/Forkel adaptation in 1869.[27] An abridged version of Bitter's first edition had appeared in 1873.[28] In 1882 the first original English biography appeared, Reginald Lane Poole's Sebastian Bach.[29] Lane Poole bases the biographical data entirely on Spitta, and adds a chronological list of 200 church cantatas by Bach.[30] By the mid-1880s the translation of Spitta's volumes was complete.[31]
1890s
Richard Batka published his biography of the composer in 1892, as part of the Musiker-Biographien series.[32]
20th century
New biographies were written by Schweitzer and Terry in the first half of the 20th century. Only by the end of the century, quarter of a millennium after the composer's death, new major biographies appeared by Eidam and Wolff.
First Decade
By the end of the 19th century the Bach Gesellschaft had completed its task of publishing all known works by Bach. The first decade of the new century brought new significant biographies of the composer.
Schweitzer
Albert Schweitzer's Johann Sebastian Bach, le musicien-poète appeared in 1905. It analyses Bach's works primarily from a religious perspective.[33] Its 1908 German edition was enlarged, and more content was added to the 1911 English version.[34]
Pirro
In 1906 André Pirro published a Bach-biography in France. The biography became available in English in 1957, based on the 1949 enlarged French edition.[35]
Parry
In 1909 a new English-language biography of Bach appeared, written by Hubert Parry.[36] In its preface the author pays his homage to Spitta and excuses him for his specialised technicalities: for his new biography Parry proposes a more condensed survey of the topic.[37] Parry shows Bach chauvinism by designating everything what was composed in the 17th century as immature.[38]
Charles Sanford Terry's Bach biography of 1928 focusses on the places where Bach lived.[33] It is the first biography that contains biographical documents not yet included in Spitta's.[41]
Gurlitt
Bach's 250th birthday was remembered with a short biography by Wilibald Gurlitt, "Niederschrift des Jubiläumsvortrages bei der Bach-Feier des Ev. Studentenpfarramtes der Universität Freiburg i.Br. im Sommersemester 1935" (written out version of the jubilee speech at the Bach feast of the evangelical student community of the university of Freiburg im Breisgau, in the summer semester of 1935). Published in 1936, it was translated in English in 1957. An enlarged German edition was published in 1980.[42]
From 1945 to the 1970s
In 1950, two centuries after the composer's death, Wolfgang Schmieder published the BWV catalogue. The decades following World War II also saw the publication of a number of biographical works.
Swiss musicologist Antoine-Elisée Cherbuliez (1888–1964)[44] derives the biographical material for his 1946 Bach biography essentially from the "Nekrolog", and the biographies by Forkel, Spitta and Terry.[45]
Neumann – Bach Archive
Werner Neumann, from 1951 director of the East-German section of the Neue Bach-Ausgabe (NBA), published several biographies of the composer. In 1953 Auf den Lebenswegen Johann Sebastian Bachs, acclaimed by Alfred Dürr, the director of the West-German section of the NBA.[46] An enlarged German edition was issued in 1962.[47] In 1960 Bach: eine Bildbiographie was published. These two works were translated as Bach and his world and Bach: A Pictorial Biography[48]
Under Neumann's direction, from its founding in 1950 until he retired in 1973, the Leipzig Bach Archive published biographical material about Bach, for instance in 1970 the Kalendarium zur Lebensgeschichte Johann Sebastian Bachs (time table to the history of Johann Sebastian Bach's life).[49]Hans-Joachim Schulze, Neumann's successor as director of the Archive, revised this Kalendarium for its second edition in 1979.[50]
Miles
In 1962 Russell Hancock Miles published Johann Sebastian Bach: an Introduction to His Life and Works.[51]
Geiringer
In 1966 Karl and Irene Geiringer published Johann Sebastian Bach: The Culmination of An Era.[52]
1970s essay collections
Walter Blankenburg published an essay collection, with contributions by scholars such as Dürr and David, in 1970.[53] In 1976 Barbara Schwendowius and Wolfgang Dömling published a collection of eleven essays by, among others, Wolff and Dürr under the title Johann Sebastian Bach : Zeit, Leben, Wirken. The next year the book was translated as Johann Sebastian Bach: Life, Times, Influence.[54]
Basso
Around 1980 Alberto Basso published the two volumes of his Italian Bach-biography Frau Musika.[55] The biography largely follows Spitta's model, with updates to intermediate research.[56]
Around Bach's 300th birthday
In the years leading up to Bach's 300th birthday in 1985 some new biographies were published. Malcolm Boyd's Bach appeared in 1983.[57]Denis Arnold's Bach appeared the next year,[58] as well as a new French biography by Roland de Candé,[59] and a German one by Werner Felix. That last one was translated into English in 1985.[60]Piero Buscaroli's Italian biography appeared in 1985.[61]
Turn of the century
Around the 250th anniversary of Bach's death (2000) several new biographies were published, along with reprints and revised editions of earlier publications.
Butt
John Butt collaborated to several publications on Bach. In 1997 he was the editor of the Cambridge Companion to Bach, with chapters written by Malcolm Boyd, Ulrich Siegele, Robin A. Leaver, Stephen A. Crist, Werner Breig, Richard D. P. Jones, Laurence Dreyfus, Stephen Daw, George B. Stauffer and Martin Zenck.[62]
Eidam
Klaus Eidam's 1999 Das Wahre Leben des Johann Sebastian Bach (The True Life of Johann Sebastian Bach) tries to correct some misconceptions that crept in the biographical writing on the composer, based on a new perusal of primary sources.[33]
Wolff
Christoph Wolff, a Bach scholar, wrote his major biographical work on Bach, Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician, in 2000.[63] In 1998 Wolff had revised David and Mendel's Bach Reader into The New Bach Reader.[64] In 1999 a compilation of Bach-related essays Wolff wrote between 1963 and 1988 had its fourth reprint.[65][66]
Geck
Also in 2000 Martin Geck published Bach: Leben und Werk, six years later translated as Johann Sebastian Bach: Life and Work.[67] A previous shorter work by Geck, with a focus on illustrative material, was translated as Bach in 2000.[68]
't Hart
Maarten 't Hart's biography, focussing on Bach's cantatas, appeared in Dutch and German in 2000.[69]
21st century
In the 21st century a sizeable portion of biographical material on Johann Sebastian Bach became available on-line, including full scans of older biographies that were no longer copyrighted. Andreas Glöckner's revised edition of the 1970s Kalendarium was published in 2008.[70] This, in turn, formed the basis for the jsbach website, presenting data about Bach's life in time table format.[71] New biographies were written by Williams and Gardiner.
Williams
In 2004 a new English biography of Bach, written by Peter Williams, was published by the Cambridge University Press.[72] In 2007 Williams published J. S. Bach: A Life in Music.[73] Williams's Bach: A Musical Biography was published posthumously in September 2016.[74]
Apart from the biographies that take the reader from Bach's birth in 1685 to his death in 1750, several studies highlight specific aspects of the composer's life.[77]
Filmed biography
Johann Sebastian Bach's life was the subject of several films.[78]
Story told from the perspective of Anna Magdalena Bach The New York Times: "While this 'Chronicle' ... is a testament to [Bach's] ever-living music, it is, unfortunately, lifeless as biography"[40]
Translation by Anthea Bell based on the 6th German edition (2000), with an introduction by John Butt: Bach. London: Haus Publishing. 2003. ISBN9781904341161
English translation in two volumes by Ernest Newman (based on the 1908 German edition, with alterations and additions by Schweitzer): J. S. Bach. London: Breitkopf & Härtel. 1911. Volume 1 – Volume 2
Reissued in 1923 by A. & C. Black, reprinted 1935: Volume 1 – Volume 2
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