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The Bilali Muhammad Document is a handwritten, Arabic manuscript on West African Islamic law. It was written in the 19th century by Bilali Mohammet, an enslaved West African held on Sapelo Island of Georgia. The document is held at the Hargrett Rare Book & Manuscript Library^[1] at the University of Georgia as part of the Francis Goulding papers. It is referred to as the "Ben Ali (Bilali) Manuscript".^[2]

History

Bilali Mohammed was an enslaved West African on a plantation on Sapelo Island, Georgia. According to his descendant, Cornelia Bailey, in her history, God, Dr. Buzzard and The Bolito Man, Bilali was from the area of present-day Sierra Leone. He was a master cultivator of rice, a skill prized by Georgia planters.

William Brown Hodgson was among scholars who met Bilali.^[3] Bilali was born in Timbo, Guinea sometime between 1760 and 1779 to a well-educated African Muslim family.^[4] He was enslaved as a teenager, taken to the Bahamas and sold to Dr. Bell, where he was worked as a slave for ten years at his Middle Caicos plantation. Bell was a Loyalist colonial refugee from the American Revolutionary War who had been resettled by the Crown at Middle Caicos. He sold Bilali in 1802 to a trader who took the man to Georgia.

Bilali Mohammed was purchased by Thomas Spalding and assigned as his head driver at his plantation on Sapelo Island. Bilali could speak Arabic and had knowledge of the Qur'an. "Due to his literacy and leadership qualities, he would be appointed the manager of his master's plantation, overseeing approximately five hundred slaves".^[5] In the War of 1812, Bilali and his fellow Muslims on Sapelo Island helped to defend the United States from a British attack. Upon Bilali's death in 1857, it was discovered that he had written a thirteen-page Arabic manuscript. At first, this was thought to have been his diary, but closer inspection revealed that the manuscript was a transcription of a Muslim legal treatise and part of West Africa's Muslim curriculum.

The first partial translation of the document was undertaken in 1939 by Joseph Greenberg and published in the Journal of Negro History. Since the turn of the 21st century, it has been analyzed by Ronald Judy,^[6] Joseph Progler,^[7] Allan D. Austin^[8] and Muhammed al-Ahari.

Synopsis

The Bilali Muhammad Document is also known as the Ben Ali Diary or Ben Ali Journal. On close analysis, the text proves to be a brief statement of Islamic beliefs and the rules for ablution, morning prayer, and the calls to prayer. When it was translated, it was found that it had nothing of an autobiographic nature.

It could, justifiably, be called the "Mother Text" of American Islamic literature, according to researcher Muhammed al-Ahari, due to it being the first Islamic text written in the United States. A comprehensive extended commentary with citations from traditional Islamic texts and American Islamic texts, and related subject areas, is under preparation by al-Ahari as national secretary of the Noble Order of Moorish Sufis and long-time researcher on American Islamic history and literature.

The concept of a Matn (source text) with several extended commentaries is a traditional genre in Islamic literature. The commentaries may be linguistic, spiritual, and even have the function of relating the text to similar works. Further research on Bilali's life and his influence upon both American Islamic literature and to the Gullah dialect of English needs to be carried out in order to present a complete picture of this unique historical American Muslim author.

Errors in prior research

Several reviewers of the manuscript have portrayed it as the scribblings of an old man copying from memory lessons of childhood. But, more expert translations of the text have shown it to be an original composition that drew from the Risalah of Abi Zayd of al-Qayrawan.

Some accounts, including that of Reverend Dwight York (aka Imam Isa), who claimed that Bilali was his great-grandfather, have conflated Bilali Muhammad (aka Ben Ali, BuAllah, Bilali Smith, and Mahomet Bilali) with individuals with similar names. He is not the same person as Joseph Benenhaly,^[9] or either of the Wahab brothers of Ocracoke Island.^[10]

Legacy

The Bilali Muhammed Historical Research Society, named for him, was established in Chicago in 1987; it published a one-issue journal, Meditations from the Bilali Muhammad Society (1988), in Charleston, South Carolina. The research institute has since been renamed the Muslim American Cultural Heritage Institute. It has a new board and is planning to become incorporated as a 503c corporation in Chicago.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Hargrett Rare Book & Manuscript Library
^ Francis Goulding papers
^ Hodgson, William Brown (1857). The Gospels, written in the Negro patois of English, with Arabic characters by a Mandingo slave in Georgia. London. p. 7-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Martin, B. G. (1994). "Sapelo Island's Arabic Document: The "Bilali Diary" in Context". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 78 (3): 589–601.
^ Rebel Music by Hisham D. Aidi
^ Ronald Judy
^ Joseph Progler
^ Allan D. Austin
^ Yusuf Benenhaly
^ The Wahab family name was not Arabic but a variant spelling of Walkup or Wauchope, from Scotland.

External links

[1] Hargrett Rare Book & Manuscript Library

[2] Francis Goulding papers

[3] Hodgson, William Brown (1857). The Gospels, written in the Negro patois of English, with Arabic characters by a Mandingo slave in Georgia. London. p. 7-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[4] Martin, B. G. (1994). "Sapelo Island's Arabic Document: The "Bilali Diary" in Context". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 78 (3): 589–601.

[5] Rebel Music by Hisham D. Aidi

[6] Ronald Judy

[7] Joseph Progler

[8] Allan D. Austin

[9] Yusuf Benenhaly

[10] The Wahab family name was not Arabic but a variant spelling of Walkup or Wauchope, from Scotland.

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