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Old Beacon Hill Tunnel
	Old Beacon Hill Tunnel in 1910, south portal
Overview
Status	Disused for train, now occupied by town gas pipeline
System	Kowloon–Canton Railway
Start	Kowloon Tong
End	Tai Wai
Operation
Opened	1 October 1910; 114 years ago
Closed	24 April 1981; 43 years ago
Technical
Length	2.2 km
No. of tracks	Single
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
Tunnel clearance	5.8 m above rail level
Width	5.2 m

Beacon Hill Tunnel
	South portal of the new Beacon Hill tunnel, as viewed from Kowloon Tong station
Overview
Line	East Rail line
Coordinates	22°20′22″N 114°10′27″E / 22.3395°N 114.1743°E
Status	Active
System	MTR
Start	Kowloon Tong
End	Tai Wai
Operation
Work begun	1978; 46 years ago
Opened	26 April 1981; 43 years ago
Traffic	Train
Technical
Length	2.3 km
No. of tracks	Double
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
Electrified	25 kV 50 Hz AC
Tunnel clearance	9.0 m
Width	11.1 m

Beacon Hill Tunnel is a railway tunnel in Hong Kong on the original Kowloon–Canton Railway, linking Kowloon Tong to its immediate south and Sha Tin to its north. The nearest stations to the south and north of the tunnel are Kowloon Tong and Tai Wai respectively. Today, the tunnel carries the MTR East Rail line metro service and through trains to mainland China.

There are actually two tunnels of this name. The first (Chinese: 煙墩山隧道) opened in 1910 and operated until its replacement (Chinese: 筆架山隧道) came into operation following its 1981 completion.

History

First tunnel

A team of surveyors was commissioned to plan the route for the KCR British Section in 1905. Two routes were proposed:

Construction of a tunnel 1.5 mile (2.4 km) long through Beacon Hill, then following the west coast of Tolo Harbour
Routing through western New Territories and Castle Peak Bay

Although option two was less of an engineering challenge, the overall route was longer, and passed through less economically active areas; therefore option one was selected. Works on the 35.4 kilometres (22.0 mi) railway to the border started early 1906. Construction of the tunnel, referred to as Tunnel No.2 in the plan (since it was the second tunnel out from the Kowloon terminus), was the greatest engineering project in Asia of its time.^[1]

Construction of the tunnel presented great engineering challenges during construction of the line, and local workers were very reluctant to work underground due to feng shui-related objections.^[1] In the end, Italian workers were employed.^[2] The tunnel cost £298,500 to build and opened with the rest of the line on 1 October 1910, together with four smaller tunnels along the line.^[3] It accommodated a single standard track with a standard gauge of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in). Throughout its operating life, the tunnel was noted for its fume problems, due to its relatively steep gradient of 1%.

The tunnel was closed upon completion of the new one, and is now partially occupied by several town gas pipelines, operated by The Hong Kong and China Gas Company.^[4] The potential for damage to the pipes was a factor in determining the intensity of blasting during construction of the Sha Tin to Central Link, thereby protecting the old tunnel as a whole.^[5]

Second tunnel

As part of the modernisation of the KCR, under reformist Governor Murray MacLehose, a double-tracked, electrified tunnel was built 30 to 40 metres (98 ft 5 in to 131 ft 3 in) west of the original one.^[6] Work started in 1978. The main contractor was Aoki Corporation and the tunnel was built at a cost of about HK$78 million. It was broken through on 23 April 1980.^[7] The tunnel was completed by 1981, enabling the KCRC to introduce a metro-standard service to serve the rapidly growing new towns north of the mountain range.

Dimensions

First tunnel

single track
2.2 km long
horseshoe-shaped, 5.2 metres (17 ft 1 in) wide by 5.8 metres (19 ft 0 in) high above rail level.
up to 427 metres below ground
tunnel lining upgraded in 1982 and 2008^[4]

Second tunnel

double track
2.3 km long
horseshoe-shaped, 11 metres wide by 9 metres high^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b One Hundred Years of Railway Operations in Hong Kong (PDF). Hong Kong: Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation & MTR Corporation Limited. 2010. pp. 11–12. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
^ Lim, Patricia (January 2011). Forgotten Souls - A Social History of the Hong Kong Cemetery. HKU Press (Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Studies Series). p. 481. ISBN 978-9622099906. "On a doctor's advice, all the Italians working on the Beacon Hill tunnel were housed high up on the hillsides and a ropeway was built to slide them gently down to work each day."
^ "KCR an important link between HK and China". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. 10 September 1975. p. 38.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Catalogue of Hong Kong Tunnels (Up to 2019)" (PDF). Geotechnical Engineering Office, Civil Engineering and Development Department. 1 February 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
^ SCL - NEX/2206 EIA Study for Tai Wai to Hung Hom Section, Appendix 13B, Use of Explosives, p36. Oct 2011
^ A Century of Railway Development – The Hong Kong Story Archived 11 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Charles C P Lung, Institution of Railway Signal Engineers
^ "Sake flows as tunnels unite". South China Morning Post. 24 April 1980. p. 11.