Baudienst

Baudienst

Baudienst in occupied Kraków (suburban Czyżyny area of the General Government), c. 1941. Second from right, leaning against the wheel-barrel, is Karol Wojtyła (later Pope John-Paul II)
Agency overview
FormedDecember 1940
TypeLabour battalions
JurisdictionNazi Germany Nazi Germany
(General Government)
Employees≈45,000
Parent agencyReichsarbeitsdienst

Baudienst (from German, lit. "building service" or "construction service"), full name in German Baudienst im Generalgouvernement (Construction Service in the General Government), was a forced labour organization created by Nazi Germany in the General Government territory of occupied Poland during World War II. Baudienst was subordinate to the Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD, lit. "Reich Labour Service").

Formation and activities

The Baudienst construction was formed 1 December 1940, originally in the Kraków District of the General Government, but it eventually expanded to all districts of the newly-formed region, except for the Warsaw District. The goal of Baudienst was to provide the Third Reich with a large pool of obligatory labour force.[1][2]

Baudienst laborers were entitled to housing, food rations, working clothes, medical care and a wage of 1 zloty per day (a wage that was never changed, despite increasing inflation). Over time, conditions of work deteriorated, as laborers inhabited poor quality barracks (never a priority), and food and clothing rations were slashed.[1] Punished laborers were imprisoned in Liban working camp in Kraków (Liban Quarry).[3]

Baudienst was to build and maintain infrastructure (construction and repair of roads and canals), and aid with agricultural tasks. The overall objective was not to build infrastructure for the Poles, but for the Germans (with the aim of increasing West-East transport capacity in preparation for German invasion of the Soviet Union, and later, to improve the efficiency of German logistics). In some infamous cases, members of Baudienst were used to prepare graves for victims of German mass executions (of Poles, Jews and other victims of the Third Reich) [1] or to destroy Jewish houses and hiding places.

In the General Government, working was obligatory for any male Pole from 18 to 60 years old; later in the occupation this range extended to youth from 14 years old. Baudienst service itself was an obligatory service for Poles aged 21–22. Germans were aiming to have as many as 150,000 Baudienst members, in fact due to constant lack of volunteers and increasing desertions, Baudienst at its height reached less than a third of that number (about 45,000 people).[1] There were almost no volunteers in Baudienst, in 1941 only 141 were recorded, in following years Germans stopped recording their numbers altogether.[4]

Baudienst workers were under a contract to work at least initially 3 months, increased up to 6–7 months of work during the spring-summer period and eventually a minimum of a year.[1]

In addition to the Polish Baudienst, Germans created similar Heimatdienst (lit. "homeland service", Ukrains'ka Sluzhba Bat'kivschyni, USB) for the Ukrainians, and a similar one for the Goralenvolk. Volksdeutsche were immune from the service (but could volunteer, and some did for the higher-ranking positions such as foreman), and Polish Jews were already forced to labor in the ghettos and labor-concentration camps.[1]

See also

Further reading

  • Mścisław Wróblewski, Służba Budowlana (Baudienst) w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie, 1940–1945, 1984, Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk. (Warszawa), ISBN 83-01-04986-3
  • Jan Grabowski, Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland, 2013

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Jan Rutkiewicz (March 2006). "POLOGNELe Baudienst, service du travail du Generalgouvernement". Militaria Magazine (in French) (248)., English translation at [1]
  2. ^ "BAUDIENST Służba Budowlana w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie 1940-1945" (PDF) (in Polish). Fundacjia „Polsko-Niemieckie Pojednanie”, Muzeum Historii Polskiego Ruchu Ludowego, Zakład Historii Ruchu Ludowego. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2018-08-23.
  3. ^ "Krakow, Poland | Complete City Guides Travel Blog".
  4. ^ Służba Budowlana (Baudienst) w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie, 1940-1945 Mścisław Wróblewski, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe 1984, page 59.

Read other articles:

Dianne Reeves dalam acara Boston Pops, 1 Juni 2007 Dianne Reeves (lahir 23 Oktober 1956) adalah penyanyi jazz asal Amerika Serikat, terkenal karena kemampuan menyanyi panggungnya yang sama baiknya dengan yang ada di albumnya. Dia adalah salah satu penyanyi penting dalam dunia jazz. Saat ini dia tinggal di Denver, Colorado, Amerika Serikat. Pranala luar (Inggris) Situs web resmi (Inggris) (Prancis) Interview Video Dianne Reeves di Bamboo-music.com - English & French versions Diarsipkan 201...

 

Formation of marble found in southern New York Tuckahoe marbleStratigraphic range: Late Cambrian, Early OrdovicianThe Federal Hall National Memorial in Manhattan, constructed using Tuckahoe marble.LithologyPrimarymarbleLocationRegionWestchester County & Inwood,New YorkType sectionNamed forTuckahoe, New York(or Inwood and Westchester, New York) Tuckahoe marble (also known as Inwood and Westchester marble) is a type of marble found in southern New York state and western Connecticut. Part of...

 

  فيلق الشرطة الوطنية (إسبانيا) فيلق الشرطة الوطنية (إسبانيا) فيلق الشرطة الوطنية (إسبانيا)ختم تفاصيل الوكالة الحكومية البلد إسبانيا  تأسست 13 يناير 1824  الإدارة موقع الويب الموقع الرسمي،  والموقع الرسمي  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   فيلق الشرطة الوطنية (بالإسبانية: Cue...

SMA Negeri 37 JakartaInformasiDidirikan15 Januari 1975 (sebagai SMA Negeri 8 Filial Jakarta) 13 September 1978 (sebagai SMA Negeri 37 Jakarta)[1]Nomor Statistik Sekolah301016301003Nomor Pokok Sekolah Nasional20102213Kepala SekolahDrs. Mukhlis, M.Ikom.KurikulumKurikulum MerdekaAlamatLokasiJalan H Barat No. 40, Kebon Baru, Tebet, Jakarta Selatan, DKI Jakarta, IndonesiaTel./Faks.+62 (21) 8296058Situs web[1]MotoMotoSekolahku Ibadahku Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 37 Jakarta adala...

 

Jalan Tol Kisaran-IndrapuraInformasi ruteDikelola oleh PT Hutama Karya (Persero)Panjang:47.75 km (29,67 mi)Persimpangan besarUjung Selatan: Jalan Tol Rantau Prapat-Kisaran Simpang Susun KisaranSimpang Susun Lima PuluhSimpang Susun Indrapura JunctionUjung Utara: Jalan Tol Kuala Tanjung-Tebing Tinggi-Parapat Jalan Tol Medan-Kuala Namu-Tebing TinggiLetakKota besar:Batu BaraAsahanSistem jalan bebas hambatanAH 25 Sistem Jalan di Indonesia Jalan Tol Jalan raya Jalan Tol Kisaran–In...

 

العلاقات البوسنية الإيرانية البوسنة والهرسك إيران   البوسنة والهرسك   إيران تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات البوسنية الإيرانية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين البوسنة والهرسك وإيران.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية ...

Tablet computer made by Apple (2013–2017) iPad Mini 2iPad Mini 2 in SilverDeveloperApple Inc.ManufacturerFoxconnProduct familyiPad MiniTypeTablet computerLifespanOctober 23, 2013 – March 21, 2017Introductory priceWi-Fi:16 GB: $399, 32 GB: $499,64 GB: $599, 128 GB: $699Wi-Fi + Cellular:16 GB: $529, 32 GB: $629,64 GB: $729, 128 GB: $829Units soldOver 1 million in the first 3 daysUnits shipped1 million+Operating systemOriginal: iOS 7.0.3Last: iOS 12.5...

 

Religious and political movement that established the Church of Scotland Statue of John Knox, a leading figure of the Scottish Reformation. Part of a series on theReformationNinety-five Theses, written by Martin Luther in 1517 Precursors Peter Waldo and Waldensians John Wycliffe and Lollardy Jan Hus and Hussites Girolamo Savonarola and Piagnoni Arnold of Brescia and Arnoldists Gottschalk of Orbais Ratramnus Claudius of Turin Berengar of Tours and Berengarians Wessel Gansfort Johann Ruchrat vo...

 

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع فتنة (توضيح). الفتنة ما يتبين به حال الإنسان من الخير والشر، يقال: فتنت الذهب بالنار، إذا أحرقته بها لتعلم أنه خالص أو مشوب، ومنه: الفتان، وهو الحجر الذي يجرب به الذهب والفضة.[1] لغة قال ابن فارس: الْفَاءُ وَالتَّاءُ وَالنُّونُ أَصْلٌ صَحِيحٌ يَدُ...

Le cumul des mandats en France, par sa fréquence et son importance, fait depuis longtemps figure d'exception[1],[2]. Ainsi, 82 % des députés et 77 % des sénateurs exercent au moins un autre mandat électif en 2012. Ces parlementaires sont généralement à la tête d'un exécutif local : 45 % des députés et 48 % des sénateurs sont soit maire, soit président de conseil départemental, soit président de conseil régional. Après l'adoption des lois du 14 févri...

 

Belmont-Broyecomune Belmont-Broye – VedutaDomdidier, capoluogo comunale LocalizzazioneStato Svizzera Cantone Friburgo DistrettoBroye AmministrazioneLingue ufficialiFrancese Data di istituzione2016 TerritorioCoordinate46°52′00″N 7°00′42″E / 46.866667°N 7.011667°E46.866667; 7.011667 (Belmont-Broye)Coordinate: 46°52′00″N 7°00′42″E / 46.866667°N 7.011667°E46.866667; 7.011667 (Belmont-Broye) Altitudine443 m s.l.m. S...

 

2016年美國總統選舉 ← 2012 2016年11月8日 2020 → 538個選舉人團席位獲勝需270票民意調查投票率55.7%[1][2] ▲ 0.8 %   获提名人 唐納·川普 希拉莉·克林頓 政党 共和黨 民主党 家鄉州 紐約州 紐約州 竞选搭档 迈克·彭斯 蒂姆·凱恩 选举人票 304[3][4][註 1] 227[5] 胜出州/省 30 + 緬-2 20 + DC 民選得票 62,984,828[6] 65,853,514[6]...

Northwest entrance to the Husky Union Building Southwest entrance to the Husky Union Building Pool room of HUB Games The HUB Ballroom The Husky Union Building (The HUB) is a building at the University of Washington that is known as the center of campus[1] as it functions as an event center, a place for student engagement, and a place intended to improve student experience.[2] History and architecture The HUB's original architecture contained elements of Collegiate Gothic Reviv...

 

حكومة مصطفى مدبولي الأولىمعلومات عامةالبلد جمهورية مصر العربيةالاختصاص مصر نظام الحكم مجلس الوزراء الرابع والعشرون بعد المئةرئيس الجمهورية عبد الفتاح السيسيرئيس مجلس الوزراء مصطفى مدبوليالتكوين 14 يونيو 2018النهاية 3 يونيو 2024المدة 5 سنواتٍ و11 شهرًا و20 يومًاالشعارحكومة شر...

 

The California Battalion (also called the first California Volunteer Militia and U.S. Mounted Rifles) was formed during the Mexican–American War (1846–1848) in present-day California, United States. It was led by U.S. Army Brevet Lieutenant Colonel John C. Frémont and composed of his cartographers, scouts and hunters and the California Volunteer Militia formed after the Bear Flag Revolt. The battalion's formation was officially authorized by Commodore Robert F. Stockton, commanding offi...

François Truffaut François Truffaut, en 1965.Información personalNombre de nacimiento François Roland Truffaut Nacimiento 6 de febrero de 1932 XVII Distrito de París (Francia) Fallecimiento 21 de octubre de 1984 (52 años)Neuilly-sur-Seine (Francia) Causa de muerte Tumor cerebral Sepultura Cementerio de Montmartre Residencia Villeperdue Nacionalidad FrancesaReligión Cristiano Lengua materna Francés FamiliaPareja Fanny Ardant Información profesionalOcupación Director de cine, guionist...

 

1947 British filmAn Ideal HusbandOriginal French film posterDirected byAlexander KordaScreenplay byLajos BíróBased onAn Ideal Husband1895 playby Oscar WildeProduced byAlexander KordaStarringPaulette GoddardMichael WildingDiana WynyardCinematographyGeorges PérinalEdited byOswald HafenrichterMusic byArthur BenjaminColor processTechnicolorProductioncompanyLondon Film ProductionsDistributed byBritish Lion Films Corporation(UK)20th Century Fox(US)Release dates 13 November 1947 (...

 

Australian netball team Melbourne VixensFounded2007; 17 years ago (2007)Based inMelbourneRegionsVictoriaHome venueJohn Cain ArenaMargaret Court ArenaHead coachSimone McKinnisCaptainKate MoloneyVice-captainEmily MannixPremierships3 (2009, 2014, 2020)LeagueSuncorp Super NetballANZ Championship2022 placing1stWebsitemelbournevixens.com.au Uniform Melbourne Vixens is an Australian professional netball team based in Melbourne, Victoria. Since 2017 they have represented Netball Vic...

Dalam artikel ini, nama keluarganya adalah Guo. Guo QiGuo Qi, 2012Asal negaraChinaLahir27 Januari 1995 (umur 29)Jiangsu, ChinaGelarMaster Internasional (2014) Woman Grandmaster (2011)Rating FIDE2418 (Agustus 2021)Rating tertinggi2462 (March 2014) Guo Qi (Hanzi: 郭琦; Pinyin: Guō Qí;[1] lahir 27 Januari 1995)[2] adalah pecatur asal Tiongkok. Dia memegang gelar Master Internasional (IM) dan Grandmaster Wanita (WGM), yang diberikan FIDE kepadanya m...

 

Main article: 1940 United States presidential election 1940 United States presidential election in New Mexico ← 1936 November 5, 1940 1944 →   Nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt Wendell Willkie Party Democratic Republican Home state New York New York Running mate Henry A. Wallace Charles L. McNary Electoral vote 3 0 Popular vote 103,699 79,315 Percentage 56.59% 43.28% County Results Roosevelt   50-60%   60-70%   70-80% W...