Battle of Molodi

Battle of Molodi
Part of the Russo-Crimean Wars and Russo-Turkish wars

Molodi village. A foundation stone to commemorate the victory in the Battle of Molodi in 1572.
Date29 July – 2 August 1572
Location
Molodi, 50 km south of Moscow 55°30′N 37°32′E / 55.500°N 37.533°E / 55.500; 37.533
Result Russian victory[2]
Territorial
changes		 Crimean-Ottoman invasion of Russia repulsed
Belligerents
Tsardom of Russia Coat_of_arms_of_Crimean_Khanate Crimean Khanate
Ottoman Empire[1]
Commanders and leaders
Mikhail Vorotynsky
(army commander)
Dmitry Khvorostinin
(key figure)		 Coat_of_arms_of_Crimean_Khanate Devlet I Giray
Strength
20,000 to 70,000 men[a] 60,000[1] to 120,000[5] men
Casualties and losses
Unknown Heavy[b]

100,000 dead in battle according to Vorotynsky report[7]: 260 

The Battle of Molodi (Russian: Би́тва при Мóлодях) was one of the key battles of Ivan the Terrible's reign. It was fought near the village of Molodi, 40 miles (64 km) south of Moscow, in July–August 1572 between the 120,000 horde of Devlet I Giray of Crimea and about 60,000–70,000 Russians led by Prince Mikhail Vorotynsky.[5] The Crimeans had burned Moscow the previous year, but this time they were thoroughly defeated.

Background

While the Tsardom of Russia was involved in the Livonian War, the Crimean khan hoped to make profit from the weakness of its southern borders. In the course of three expeditions, Devlet I Giray devastated South Russia and even sacked and set Moscow on fire in 1571. On 26 July 1572 the huge horde of the khan, equipped with cannons and reinforced by Turkish janissaries, crossed the Oka River near Serpukhov, decimated the Russian vanguard of 200 men, and advanced towards Moscow in order to pillage it once again.[5] Little did they know, however, that the Russians had prepared for the new invasion, setting up innovative fortifications just beyond the Oka.

Battle

The Russian forces, variously estimated at between 20,000[8][3] and 70,000 men, were placed under the supreme command of Prince Mikhail Vorotynsky.[5] Prince Repnin led the left flank, while the right flank was commanded by Prince Odoevsky. On 30 July the armies clashed near the Lopasnya River without so much as a prior reconnaissance. The fighting continued for several days, reaching its peak on 8 August. The large amount of close-in fighting made the Tatars' famed skill in archery quite useless:[5] The battle was fought principally with sabers and spears. Artillery and arquebuses were also used by the Russians to great effect. The outcome was decided by Prince Khvorostinin who bypassed the horde with his gulyay-gorod (гуляй-город) mobile fortifications and infiltrated into the rear.

Aftermath

After the battle, only 20,000 Tatar horsemen returned to the Crimea,[5] while the khan left his tent and banner on the battlefield and barely managed to escape alive. The battle claimed the lives of his sons and a grandson.

Order of Battle

Based on contemporary documents, the Russian forces were as follows:[9]

Group Composition Number
Main:
  • Regiment of Prince Mikhail Vorotynsky
  • Regiment of Ivan Vasilievich Sheremetev
  • Regiment of Prince Andrey Paletsky from Dedilov
  • Regiment of Prince Yuri Kurlyatev from Donkov
  • Regiments of Galician, Koryak, Kostroma and Balakhon
  • Strelets of the regiments of Osip Isupov and Mikhail Rzhevsky
  • Hired Cossacks of the regiments of Yuri Bulgakov and Ivan Fustov
  • German and Cossack mercenary regiments of Yuri Frantsbek, Yuryev and Rugodiv, Atalyk Kvashnin, the "Onikey children", Ignatiy Kobyakov and Yuri Tutolminus
  • 1,840
  • 1,065
  • 350
  • 200
  • 1,430
  • 1,000
  • 1,000
  • 1,300
Total: 8,255
Right Hand:
  • Regiment of Prince Nikita Romanovich Odoevsky
  • Regiment of Fyodor Vasilyevich Sheremetev
  • Regiment of Prince Grigory Dolgorukov
  • Sagittarius
  • Cossacks
  • 1,225
  • 1,015
  • 350
  • 500
  • 500
Total: 3,590
Forward:
  • Regiment of Prince Andrey Petrovich Khovansky
  • Regiment of Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Khvorostinin
  • Regiment of Prince Mikhail Lykov
  • Smolensk, Ryazan and Epifan archers
  • Cossacks
  • Vyatchane in strugs on the rivers
  • 1,095
  • 2,040
  • 350
  • 535
  • 650
  • 900
Total: 4,475
Guard:
  • Regiment of Prince Ivan Petrovich Shuisky
  • Regiment of Vasily Ivanovich Smart-Kolychev
  • Regiment of Prince Andrey Vasilyevich Repnin
  • Regiment of Peter Ivanovich Khvorostinin
  • Cossacks
  • 956
  • 1,713
  • 766
  • 585
  • 650
Total: 4,670
Total: 20,034
and Mikhail Cherkashenin's Cossacks (3,000—5,000)

Contemporary chronicles give very large and unreliable figures when talking about the Tatar army. The Novgorod Second Chronicle gives its strength as 120,000 and the Moscow Chronicle about 150,000. According to modern Russian historians, the khan's army most likely numbered 40,000–60,000, of which two-thirds were the Crimean army proper, and the rest Nogai, Circassians and janissaries sent by the Ottoman Sultan.[1]

The Russian historian Vitaly Pensky estimates the total size of the Moscow army at 35,000, considering that the remaining estimates are overstated.[7]: 212–213 

Notes

  1. ^
  2. ^ When retreating, the remnants of Devlet Giray's army were attacked by Zaporozhian Cossacks, and only a small part of the army returned to Crimea (20,000[5]).[6] However, it is not only the battle casualties.

References

  1. ^ a b c Пенской В. В. "Сражение при Молодях 28 июля – 3 августа 1572 г." // История военного дела: исследования и источники. — St. Petersburg, 2012. — Vol. 2. — P. 156. — ISSN 2308-4286.
  2. ^ Robert Payne and Nikita Romanoff, Ivan the Terrible, (Cooper Square Press, 2002), 329.
  3. ^ a b "Документы о сражении при Молодях" // Исторический архив, № 4. 1959 — P. 167
  4. ^ See § Order of Battle
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Tucker 2010, p. 531.
  6. ^ Стороженко А. В. Стефан Баторий и днепровские козаки. Kiev, 1904. P. 34
  7. ^ a b Penskoi, Vitaliy (2012). Иван Грозный и Девлет-Герей [Ivan the Terrible and Devlet-Gerey] (in Russian). Вече. ISBN 978-5-9533-6428-7.
  8. ^ Карамзин. История государства российского[page needed]
  9. ^ Документы о сражении при Молодях // Исторический архив, № 4. 1959 — P. 174–177

Sources

  • Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010). "July 30-August 2, 1572: Eastern Europe: Russia: Battle of Molodi". A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Vol. II. ABC-CLIO.