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Battle of Hartville
	Part of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the; American Civil War
Date	January 9, 1863 – January 11, 1863
Location	Wright County, Missouri
Result	Inconclusive
Belligerents
United States (Union)	CSA (Confederacy)
Commanders and leaders
Samuel Merrill	John S. Marmaduke
Units involved
Southwestern District of Missouri Troops	4th Division, I Corps, Trans-Mississippi Department
Strength
	~750
Casualties and losses
78 total; 7 killed; 64 wounded; 7 missing or captured	111 total; 12 killed; 96 wounded; 3 missing or captured

The Battle of Hartville was fought January 11, 1863, in Wright County, Missouri, as part of John S. Marmaduke's first expedition into Missouri, during the American Civil War.

Background

Marmaduke led a Confederate raid into Missouri in early January 1863. This movement was two-pronged. Col. Joseph C. Porter led one column, comprising his Missouri Cavalry Brigade, out of Pocahontas, Arkansas, to assault Union posts around Hartville, Missouri. When he neared Hartville on January 9, he sent a detachment forward to reconnoiter. It succeeded in capturing the small militia garrison. The same day, Porter moved toward Marshfield. On January 10, some of Porter's men raided other Union installations in the area before making contact with Marmaduke's column east of Marshfield. Marmaduke had received reports of Union troops approaching to surround him and prepared for a confrontation.

On January 10, Col. Samuel Merrill commanded an approaching Union relief column from Houston, Missouri. He and his command arrived in Hartville that morning, discovered that the small garrison had already surrendered, and set out toward Springfield. His force went into camp on Wood's Fork of the Gasconade River. Early on the morning of January 11 the approaching Confederates under Porter made contact with Merrill's scouts and skirmishing commenced.

Opposing forces

Union

Colonel Samuel Merrill

99th Illinois Infantry - Lt. Col. Lemuel Parke
21st Iowa Infantry - Lt. Col. C.W. Dunlap (w)
3rd Iowa Cavalry (detachment)- Maj. George Duffield
3rd Missouri Cavalry (detachment) - Capt. Thomas G. Black
2nd Missouri Artillery, Battery L (section) - Lt. William Waldschmidt

Confederate

Brig. Gen. John S. Marmaduke

Shelby's Brigade - Col. J.O. Shelby

1st Missouri Cavalry - Lt. Col. B.F. Gordon - Maj. George R. Kirtley (k)^[1]
2nd Missouri Cavalry - Lt. Col. C.A. Gilkey
3rd Missouri Cavalry - Col. G.W. Thompson
1st Battn. Missouri Cavalry - Maj. Ben Elliott
Quantrill's Partisan Rangers - Lt. William H. Gregg

Porter's Brigade - Col. Joseph C. Porter (mw)^[1]

Burbridges' Regt. - Lt. Col. John M. Wimer (k)^[2]
Green's Regt. - Lt. Col. L.C. Campbell
Jeffers' Regt. - Col. William M. Jeffers

Not Brigaded

MacDonald's Missouri Regt. - Col. Emmett MacDonald (k)^[3]

Artillery

Capt. Brown's Arkansas Battery - Capt. Louis T. Brown^[4]
Lt. Collins' Section of Bledsoe's Battery (later Collins' Battery) - Lt. Richard A. Collins^[5]

Based on Frederick Goman's order of battle, except where noted.^[6]

Battle

Marmaduke believed he was being pressed by several forces, so he diverted Porter and Shelby's columns along another road to Hartville. Meanwhile, observing this movement, Merrill marched his force directly to Hartville where it took a strong defensive position on covered, high ground west of the courthouse. Merrill's battle line extended 650 yards with no reserve.^[7] Shelby and Porter's brigades attempted to dislodge Merrill's force, but it was too strongly positioned. A mistaken observation probably by Lt. Dick Collins on the bluff east of town reported a wagon train moving toward the Lebanon Road. Porter placed his men in a column to pursue the supposedly retreating enemy.

Coming under fire from the 3rd Missouri and the 3rd Iowa who were hidden on the far left side of the Union line with Sharps Carbines firing four to five shots per minute. That advance became disordered and the battle move eastward as Shelby's men came forward to support Porter's beleaguered men.^[8] Over a four-hour period several Confederate assaults were made, each being repulsed in turn. Eventually Merrill withdrew most of his force, although a third of the men under Lt. Col Dunlap never received the order and remained on the field until nightfall.

Aftermath

Elements of both sides observed the other withdrawing from the field as night approached, and both claimed victory as a result. The real results were mixed. From the Union command's perspective they had repulsed Marmaduke's assaults inflicting heavy casualties, but the Federals had been forced to leave the field. From the Confederate perspective Marmaduke had united his force and secured his line of withdrawal. He set up a field hospital in town and could claim to control the field briefly. However, he was compelled to make a rapid retreat into Arkansas and then an arduous trek to winter camp. Additionally, the frontal assaults had resulted in the death or mortal wounding of several senior CSA officers including: brigade commander Col. Joseph C. Porter, Col. Emmett MacDonald, Lt. Col. John Wimer, and Major George R. Kirtley.^[9]

The raid itself caused great disruption of Federal forces in the region and a number of small outposts had been overrun, destroyed, or abandoned. However, the other major objective, the depot at Springfield, remained in Union hands. The successful escape of the raiding party did foreshadow the vulnerability of Federal Missouri to fast-moving expeditions.

References

^ ^a ^b Congressional Series of United States Public Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1889-01-01. p. 188.
^ Congressional Series of United States Public Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1889-01-01. p. 207.
^ Congressional Series of United States Public Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1889-01-01. p. 190.
^ McGhee, James E., Guide to Missouri Confederate Units, 1861-1865, University of Arkansas, 2010, p. 69
^ McGhee, James E., Guide to Missouri Confederate Units, 1861-1865, University of Arkansas, 2010, pp. 7-8
^ Goman, Frederick W., Up From Arkansas: Marmaduke's First Missouri Raid Including the Battles of Springfield and Hartville, 1999, pp. 93-94
^ ""we gave them thunder": marmaduke's raid and the civil war in missouri and arkansas 9781732122239 - Google Search. p.238". www.google.com. Retrieved 2024-08-26.
^ ""we gave them thunder": marmaduke's raid and the civil war in missouri and arkansas 9781732122239 - Google Search. pp.244 & 245". www.google.com. Retrieved 2024-08-26.
^ Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1889.

Bibliography

Map Illustrations - From commentary in the book: "We Gave Them Thunder" Marmaduke's raid and the civil war in Missouri and Arkansas William Garrett Piston, and John C. Rutherford: pp. 227 – 249. Map compilation: pp. 239, 241, and 247.
National Park Service battle description
Goman, Frederick W., Up From Arkansas: Marmaduke's First Missouri Raid Including the Battles of Springfield and Hartville, 1999
Historical Society of Wright County, Missouri, The Civil War Battle of Hartville and Related Events, 1997
Mudd, Joseph A., With Porter In North Missouri, 1904
Robinett, Paul M., Marmaduke's Expedition into Missouri: The Battles of Springfield and Hartville, January, 1863, Missouri Historical Review, January 1964
“Marmaduke's Expedition into Missouri”. Index to the Miscellaneous Documents of the House of Representatives. Congressional edition, Volume 2580. United States Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1889. https://books.google.com/books?id=bEBHAQAAIAAJ