The Battle of Buena Vista (February 22–23, 1847), known as the Battle of La Angostura in Mexico, and sometimes as Battle of Buena Vista/La Angostura, was a battle of the Mexican–American War. It was fought between U.S. forces, largely volunteers,[3] under General Zachary Taylor, and the much larger Mexican Army under General Antonio López de Santa Anna. It took place near Buena Vista, a village in the state of Coahuila, about 12 km (7.5 mi) south of Saltillo, Mexico. La Angostura ("the narrow place") was the local name for the site. The outcome of the battle was ambiguous, with both sides claiming victory. Santa Anna's forces withdrew with war trophies of cannons and flags and left the field to the surprised U.S. forces, who had expected there to be another day of hard fighting.[citation needed]
U.S. president James K. Polk had decided that an invasion into central Mexico via the Gulf Coast port of Veracruz would make the Mexicans come to the negotiating table. He told Major GeneralZachary Taylor to stay in his position at Monterrey. Polk had placed General Winfield Scott as commander of all the U.S. forces in Mexico. Scott himself ordered Taylor to remain in place.[4] After the Battle of Monterrey and the end of the armistice, Taylor's Army of Occupation with Brigadier General William J. Worth's 1,000 men advanced onto undefended Saltillo on November 16, despite orders to halt any movement further south, considering it strategic to cover the approaches to Monterrey and Parras de la Fuente.[1]: 202 Taylor then directed General John E. Wool from Monclova to Parras, the objective being control of that agricultural area.[1]: 202 Wool's force moved to Agua Nueva, south of Saltillo, on December 21, to counter rumors of impending attack.[1]: 205 Scott had intelligence that the army of Santa Anna was getting into position to attack, just six miles from Taylor's position.
In mid-August 1846, General Antonio López de Santa Anna returned from exile and quickly assumed command of the Mexican Army, having tricked Polk into allowing him to return to Mexico, telling him that he could reconcile Mexico to make peace with the U.S.[5][1]: 202 He reached San Luis Potosí on October 8 with a force of 20,000 men and 5,000 women (soldaderas).[6] This was a significant force, but some troops had no uniforms or weapons.[7] In general, Mexican forces had large numbers but had far fewer resources than those of the U.S., with outdated weapons, inability to pay its troops, and inability to consistently provision its forces, since there was no money to pay local civilians.[8] Most troops were new recruits, and most had not fired a single weapon in training. However, Santa Anna had the advantage of knowing the territory since the Mexican army had often used the main route.[9]
In early January while encamped in San Luis de Potosí, Santa Anna acquired a letter from General Scott ordering Worth's troops to join General David E. Twiggs and General John A. Quitman's divisions in Veracruz, prompting Santa Anna to make attack plans for Saltillo.[1]: 202 General José de Urrea's cavalry would simultaneously retake Ciudad Victoria and cut off Monterrey from the port of Matamoros, Tamaulipas.[1]: 202 Santa Anna's army departed San Luis Potosí on January 27 with a force of 21,553, and reached Encarnación, south of Saltillo, with 15,142 men on February 20.[1]: 206, 209 General Miñon surprised a group of 100 U.S. troops at Encarnación, and took them captive. Their capture cheered the Mexican troops.[10] The winter weather was against the poorly dressed and provisioned Mexicans, with the coldest temperatures in decades. The men and women in Santa Anna's forces began to die of exposure, and thirst once the cold weather lifted was also a problem. Some soldaderas set fire to trees around the encamped troops to warm them, but by the time the two armies fought, the Mexican forces had already lost thousands to illness, exposure, and desertion.[11]
Taylor moved 4,650 of his men to Agua Nueva on February 14, but on February 20, Major Benjamin McCulloch's Texas Rangers encountered Santa Anna's force at Encarnación, prompting Taylor's withdrawal to La Angostura ("the narrow place"), a mile and a quarter south of Hacienda San Juan de la Buena Vista.[1]: 209 General Wool was charged with selecting "the field of battle" and making "such dispositions of the troops on the arrival of the enemy" as he deemed necessary.[1]: 202 Wool thought the site excellent for defense, since the road passed through a narrow valley here, which was crossed at right angles by several ravines east of the road and arroyos were to the west.[1]: 209–210 Wool placed Captain John M. Washington's battery across the road, supported by the 1st Illinois under Colonel John J. Hardin and 2nd Kentucky under Colonel William R. McKee.[1]: 210 Continuing to the left was the 2nd Illinois under Colonel William H. Bissell, General Joseph Lane's Indiana Brigade, and the Kentucky and Arkansas horsemen, with two squadrons of dragoons and a company of Texans in reserve.[1]: 210
Santa Anna's forces consisted of Major General Manuel María Lombardini's division and Major General Francisco Pacheco's division in the center with 14 pieces of artillery, Colonel Santiago Blanco's regiment of engineers, and three 16-pounders on the left, and Major General Pedro de Ampudia's light infantry with General Julián Juvera's strong cavalry brigade on the right with two batteries.[1]: 211 In reserve was Major General José María Ortega's infantry division and Brigadier General Francisco Mejia's brigade.[1]: 211
Battle
Map of the Battle of Buena Vista
Santa Anna had chosen the day of battle, not apparently aware that it was George Washington's birthday, which galvanized patriotic sentiment among the U.S. forces. "A more inopportune moment could not have been selected by the Mexican general." A captured U.S. soldier said the Mexicans found it hard to believe that General Washington had not been leading the troops himself, but had been dead for nearly fifty years.[12]
Santa Anna had advanced to Carnero Pass below Agua Nueva on February 21 and on February 22 demanded Taylor's surrender, to which Taylor's aide, William Wallace Smith Bliss, replied, "I beg leave to say that I decline acceding to your request."[1]: 210
Santa Anna began the attack with a feint by Mejía to the American right, but his main thrust was to the American left.[1]: 211 Wool moved three companies of Kentucky cavalry under Colonel Humphrey Marshall and four rifle companies of the Arkansas regiment under Colonel John S. Roane and four companies of Hoosiers under Major Willis A. Gorman to strengthen his left.[1]: 211 Marshall and Ampudia's men skirmished by 3:30 pm, but darkness brought an end to the fighting.[1]: 211
Lieutenant colonel Braxton Bragg, around the time of the Mexican War
After dark, Taylor, escorted by the Mississippi Rifles, Colonel Jefferson Davis, and Charles A. May's dragoons, checked on the Saltillo garrison, but returned by 9:00 am on February 23.[1]: 211 During the night, Brigadier General Manuel Micheltorena moved five 8-pounders above the American left, intending to flank them along the high ground the next morning at daylight.[1]: 212
Ampudia's brigade started the assault, supported by Lombardini and Pacheco's divisions, while Moras demonstrated against the American right.[1]: 212 The 2nd Indiana faced a force of 7,000 Mexicans, prompting Wool to send the 2nd Illinois and Captain Thomas W. Sherman's battery in support.[1]: 212
The Hoosiers, after taking 90 casualties, broke and fled, forcing the 2nd Illinois into a slow fighting withdrawal, and Marshall's men to flee northward to the Buena Vista hacienda.[1]: 214 Juvera's cavalry was able to turn the American left flank and head for Buena Vista.[1]: 214
Davis' Mississippians were ordered to shield Buena Vista along with the volunteers of the Arkansas and Kentucky cavalry, the 3rd Indiana, and Captain Enoch Steen's dragoons.[1]: 214 A large Mexican force routed the cavalry, killing Archibald Yell, and then reached the hacienda of Buena Vista. They had expected the building to be full of provisions, but instead they were dismayed to find that U.S. troops taking refuge in it were persuaded by their officers to defend it. The Mexican forces withdrew, pursued by U.S. cavalry.[13]
Steen's dragoons were able to split Juvera's column, forcing the advance portion past the hacienda and under fire from Sherman's battery, while the dragoons threw the rest into confusion.[1]: 215 Davis' men then sent the Mexicans fleeing, although Davis was wounded in the heel.[1]: 215
Major John Munroe organized the defense of the hacienda proper, using the 2nd Indiana, from Juvera's attacks, while the Mississippians and the 3rd Indiana were organized into a large "V" which forced Juvera's approximately 2,000 survivors into a ravine.[1]: 215 A young Mexican lieutenant, José María Montoya, tricked Taylor into a ceasefire, allowing the trapped Mexicans enough time to escape.[1]: 215 Brigadier José Vicente Miñón appeared before Saltillo but retreated to the southwest.[1]: 216
Santa Anna renewed an attack on the main U.S. position led by General Francisco Pérez with artillery support.[1]: 216 They were met at 5:00 p.m. by fire from O'Brien and Thomas's guns and two Illinois and a Kentucky regiment under Colonel John J. Hardin, during which Hardin was killed.[1]: 216
An artillery battery under Captain Braxton Bragg then arrived with orders to "maintain the position at all costs".[1]: 216 Taylor rode over to Bragg, and after a brief conversation in which Bragg replied he was using single canister shot, Taylor ordered "double-shot your guns and give 'em hell, Bragg".[1]: 216 Later, this order, although misquoted as "give them a little more grape, Captain Bragg", would be used as a campaign slogan that carried Taylor into the White House. Pérez's attack was repelled and the fighting ended as heavy rain fell over the field.[1]: 217 On the battlefield, the heroine of Fort Brown, Sarah A. Bowman, known as the "Great Western", ministered to American troops, including "bolstering the nerves of the soldiers."[14]
Santa Anna believed his army was on the verge of exhaustion and collapse, due to lack of provisions. Some Mexican soldiers were so driven by hunger that they "conducted unauthorized attacks just so they could take food from the Americans". In assessing whether to hold the field or withdraw, Santa Anna calculated that the lack of provisions would drive many of his men to desertion.[15] On February 23, some of Santa Anna's council of war at Agua Nueva advised withdrawal,[1]: 217 while others argued that cattle could be driven there to provision the soldiers. Those that argued for remaining thought that with one more day of fighting, the Mexicans would achieve a complete victory. However, the decision was to withdraw to Agua Nueva, and they left their campfires ablaze to confuse the U.S. troops.[16] Taylor led his army back to Nueva Agua, but he did not pursue Santa Anna any further south.[1]: 217
Many U.S. soldiers going into battle with Mexican forces held Mexicans to be their racial inferiors and poor soldiers. These soldiers were often unbelieving, but "learned after Monterey and Buena Vista to respect the fighting qualities of the Mexican soldier".[17]
Immediate aftermath
Death of Lieut. Col. Henry Clay Jr. lithograph by N. Currier. Courtesy of the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Yale University.
Santa Anna withdrew his troops, leaving the battlefield to the surprised U.S. forces. Santa Anna's forces had captured important war trophies from the U.S. Army, cannons and flags, as well as arms, which remained on display into the modern era at the Artillery School of Mexico.[18] In the account written by Mexicans in the immediate aftermath of the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ending the war, they considered the battle a victory. "On our part, the army was proclaimed victorious, alleging in proof the trophies captured, the positions taken, and the [U.S.] divisions vanquished. The truth is, our arms routed the Americans in all the encounters, and so far the issue of the battle is favorable to us. There had been three partial triumphs, but not a complete victory."[19] There were serious losses of Mexican dead and wounded.
Recovery of the bodies of the U.S. dead was a phenomenon of this conflict. The most famous from Buena Vista/La Angostura was that of Henry Clay Jr., the third son of American statesman Henry Clay, a vociferous opponent of the Mexican War. His death was the subject of at least seven prints by Currier and Ives, and Neale and Pate, and others. The Currier and Ives print depicts him shortly after being wounded, urging his comrades to leave him to his fate.[20] The grave site became well known, with two surviving daguerreotypes recording it at different times of the day and from different angles.[21] Clay's body was disinterred and transported to the U.S. for burial by Jefferson Davis.[22] Also killed were Archibald Yell, former governor of Arkansas,[23] and John J. Hardin of Illinois, a Whig political rival of Abraham Lincoln.[24] The state of Kentucky paid for the retrieval and transport of some officers and enlisted men, who were subsequently buried in a common grave near the Kentucky State House in the capital Frankfort. There was a large public funeral on July 20, 1847, honoring the sacrifices of the dead Kentuckians, with John C. Breckinridge praising them. Breckinridge had been an opponent of the war, but volunteered shortly after his own patriotic speech.[25]
Public reaction in the U.S.
News of the battle in the U.S. was not immediate, with communications from Mexico slow because the battle took place in a relatively remote inland area of northern Mexico. There were initial rumors that the Mexicans had carried the day and captured Taylor. Reliable news did not reach New Orleans until mid-March and New York City on April 1.[26] Once the news broke, it entered the national consciousness and there was an outpouring of praise in poetry, prose, music, and art. Poet Walt Whitman joined in the praise.[27] Since the American forces were largely volunteers rather than regular army, it increased Buena Vista's popularity in the public imagination. The volunteers were characterized as raw citizen-soldiers who had defeated the far larger Mexican army, seen as a professional military force.[28]
Simultaneous with Buena Vista was Scott's landing at Veracruz, to push into the Mexican heartland and take the capital. When news did arrive, it was characterized as a glorious victory of a small and intrepid U.S. army against the far larger force of Mexicans. Taylor's hard-fought victory at Buena Vista overshadowed Scott's successful taking of Veracruz after a lengthy bombardment that produced few American casualties, but rather many Mexican civilian casualties.[29]
Written accounts and images
Battle of Buena Vista, taken from a sketch by Major Eaton
There were a number of contemporaneous or nearly contemporaneous accounts of the battle on both sides of the conflict. Captain James Henry Carleton fought at Buena Vista and remained in the area in the occupation forces. During his time he revisited the battlefield and set down remembrances of the combat.[30] There were other soldier accounts, including George C. Furber's Twelve Months Volunteer;[31] Benjamin Franklin Scribner, and Samuel French also published accounts of their participation.[32][33] Lieutenant Lew Wallace was not present at the battle, but visited the battle ground a few days later, writing a vivid account of sight and smell. "There the wrecks lay in awful significance--dead men and horses, bayonets, accoutrements, broken muskets, hats, caps, cartridge paper, fragments of clothing. the earth and rocks were in places black with blood, here splotch, there a little rill." He also noted the large pit graves of fallen soldiers of both sides.[34]
A great many images of the battle were produced for public consumption in the U.S., the most famous of which is the scene of battle done from a sketch by Taylor's aide-de-camp, Major Eaton. Eaton made notes of the battlefield, recorded the topography, and queried other battle participants. The published battle scene was large, (19 1/4 inches x 29 1/4 inches; 48.9 x 74.9 cm.). It was offered for sale to the public on September 15, 1847, while the war continued. In contemporary accounts, it was praised for its accuracy concerning the topography as well as its beauty. A modern assessment of the battle scene points to the inconsistencies common among battle scenes; that is, the reduction of troop numbers and oversimplification of movement.[35] Many images depict the fierce nature of the combat and the captions of some of the images seek to highlight the valor of particular troops and asserting the U.S. victory. Carl Nebel's painting is part of a series he did, documenting battles of the war, illustrating journalist George Wilkins Kendall's The War Between the United States and Mexico, Illustrated, but Kendall did not visit the Buena Vista battle ground, and likely neither did Nebel. Kendall credited Carleton's account of Captain John P. O'Brien's holding the U.S. line and control of the guns. Nebel does not credit Eaton's lithograph of the battle scene.[36]
Map of the country near Buena Vista, Mexico, William Kemble and James Henry Carleton
A little more grape Capt. Bragg - General Taylor at the Battle of Buena Vista, Feby 23d, 1847. Lithograph. Currier.
Battle of Buena Vista.
Battle of Buena Vista.
Battle of Buena Vista
The Gallant Charge of the Kentucky Cavalry under Col. Marshall
Gallant charge of the Kentuckians at the Battle of Buena Vista, and complete defeat of the Mexicans
Note 1 Balbontin in La Invasion... lists the infantry battalions on p. 56, the O.B. of Pacheco Division on p. 64, the infantry bde. commanders on p. 64, 67 & 68, the artillery organization on p. 60, 61, etc., the losses on p. 91-93.
Note 2 Ramsey in The Other Side gives the strength figures in this article on p. 94–95.
Note 3 Santa Ana in his Apelación gives strength at Saltillo at end Jan as: Engr Regt 362, Artillery 456, Infantry 13,877, Cavalry 4,830, Totals 19,525. At Encarnación Feb 19: Engr Regiment 292, Artillery same 456, Infantry 10,153, Cavalry 4,241, Totals 15,152. pp 66–67.
^Donovan, Timothy P.; Gatewood Jr., Willard B.; Whayne, Jeannie M., eds. (1995) [1981]. The Governors of Arkansas: Essays in Political Biography (2nd ed.). Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. pp. 8–12. ISBN1-55728-331-1. OCLC31782171.
^Johannsen, To The Halls of the Montezumas p. 103.
^Carleton, James Henry. The Battle of Buena Vista, with the Operations of the "Army of Occupation" for one Month. New York: Harper and Brothers 1848.
^Furber, George C. The Twelve Months Volunteer. Cincinnati: U. P. James 1857.
^French, Samuel G. Two Wars: An Autobiography of General Samuel G. French. Nashville: Confederate Veteran 1901.
^Scribner, Benjamin Franklin. Camp Life of a Volunteer: A Campaign in Mexico; or, A Glimpse at Life in Camp by One Who Has Seen the Elephant. Philadelphia: Grigg, Elliot 1847.
^Quoted in Van Wagenen, Remembering the Forgotten War, pp. 22–23.
Alcaraz, Ramón, et al. The Other Side: Or, Notes for the History of the War Between Mexican and the United States, Albert C. Ramsey, translator. New York: John Wiley 1850. Reprint by Franklin Classics. ISBN9780342076550; translation of Apuntes Para La Historia De La Guerra Entre Mexico y los Estados Unidos Mexico, (1848);
Bauer, K. Jack, The Mexican War, 1846–1848
Bauer, K. Jack. "General John E. Wool's Memoranda of the Battle of Buena Vista." The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 77.1 (1973): 111–123.
Carleton, James Henry. The Battle of Buena Vista: With the Operations of the "Army of Occupation" for One Month. Harper and Brothers, 1848.
Chance, Joseph E. Jefferson Davis's Mexican War Regiment. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi 1991.
Eisenhower, John S. D. (1989), So Far from God: The U.S. War with Mexico, 1846–1848, New York, NY: Random House, ISBN9780394560519
Guardino, Peter. The Dead March: A History of the Mexican-American War, 1846–1848. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 2017.
Griffith, Nancy Snell. "Buena Vista: The Controversy in Verse." The Arkansas Historical Quarterly 60.1 (2001): 75–85.
Johannsen, Robert W. To the Halls of the Montezumas: The Mexican War in the American Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press 1985.
Johnson, Timothy D. "Desperate Stand: The Battle of Buena Vista." The Journal of Military History 73.1 (2009): 272–273.
Judah, Charles Burnet. Chronicles of the Gringos: The US Army in the Mexican War, 1846–1848; Accounts of Eyewitnesses & Combatants. [Albuquerque]: University of New Mexico Press, 1968.
Katcher, Phillip R., The Mexican American War 1846–1848 (1976)
Kuehl, Daniel T. "'Double-Shot Your Guns and Give'Em Hell!' Braxton Bragg and the War in Mexico." Civil War History 37.1 (1991): 51–65.
Lavender, David Sievert. Climax at Buena Vista: the American campaigns in northeastern Mexico, 1846–47. Lippincott, 1966, 2003.
Miller, Robert R., Shamrock and Sword (1989) Norman, Oklahoma [ISBN missing]
Nevin, David; editor, The Mexican War (1978) [ISBN missing]
Perry, Oran. Indiana in the Mexican War. Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford 1908.
Ramsey, Albert C., translator. The Other Side or Notes For The History of the War Between Mexico And The United States Burt Franklin, New York (1850) (Translation of Alcaraz's Apuntes)
Roa Barcena, José María, Recuerdos de la invasion norteamericana, 1846–1848 (1947)
Santa Anna, Antonio López de, Apelcación al Buen Criterio de los Nacionales y Estrangeros. Mexico (1849)
Sandweiss, Martha A.; Stewart, Rick; Huseman, Ben W. (1989), Eyewitness to War: Prints and Daguerreotypes of the Mexican-American War, 1846-1848, Fort Worth TX: Amon Carter Museum, pp. 28–29, ISBN978-0874748628
Singletary, Otis A. Climax at Buena Vista. The American Campaigns in Northeastern Mexico, 1846–47. Durham: Duke University Press (1967)
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