Barbiturate dependence

Barbiturate dependence
SpecialtyPsychiatry, narcology, addiction medicine Edit this on Wikidata

Barbiturate dependence develops with regular use of barbiturates. This in turn may lead to a need for increasing doses of the drug to get the original desired pharmacological or therapeutic effect.[1] Barbiturate use can lead to both addiction and physical dependence, and as such they have a high potential for excess or non-medical use,[2] however, it does not affect all users. Management of barbiturate dependence involves considering the affected person's age, comorbidity and the pharmacological pathways of barbiturates.[3]

Psychological addiction to barbiturates can develop quickly. The patients will then have a strong desire to take any barbiturate-like drug. The chronic use of barbiturates leads to moderate degradation of the personality with narrowing of interests, passivity and loss of volition. The somatic signs include hypomimia, problems articulating, weakening of reflexes, and ataxia.[4]

The GABAA receptor, one of barbiturates' main sites of action, is thought to play a pivotal role in the development of tolerance to and dependence on barbiturates, as well as the euphoric "high" that results from their use.[2] The mechanism by which barbiturate tolerance develops is believed to be different from that of ethanol or benzodiazepines, even though these drugs have been shown to exhibit cross-tolerance with each other[5] and poly drug administration of barbiturates and alcohol used to be common.

The management of a physical dependence on barbiturates is stabilisation on the long-acting barbiturate phenobarbital followed by a gradual titration down of dose. People who use barbiturates tend to prefer rapid-acting barbiturates (amobarbital, pentobarbital, secobarbital) rather than long-acting barbiturates (barbital, phenobarbital).[6] The slowly eliminated phenobarbital lessens the severity of the withdrawal syndrome and reduces the chances of serious barbiturate withdrawal effects such as seizures.[7] A cold turkey withdrawal can in some cases lead to death. Antipsychotics are not recommended for barbiturate withdrawal (or other CNS depressant withdrawal states) especially clozapine, olanzapine or low potency phenothiazines e.g. chlorpromazine as they lower the seizure threshold and can worsen withdrawal effects; if used extreme caution is required.[8] The withdrawal symptoms after ending barbiturate consumption are quite severe and last from 4 to 7 days.

References

  1. ^ Zapantis A, Leung S (September 2005). "Tolerance and withdrawal issues with sedation". Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 17 (3): 211–23. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2005.04.011. PMID 16115529.
  2. ^ a b Takehiko Ito; Toshihito Suzuki; Susan E. Wellman; Ing Kang Ho (June 1996). "Pharmacology of barbiturate tolerance/dependence: GABAA receptors and molecular aspects". Life Sciences. 59 (3): 169–95. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(96)00199-3. PMID 8699929.
  3. ^ Santos C, Olmedo RE (2017). "Sedative-Hypnotic Drug Withdrawal Syndrome: Recognition And Treatment". Emerg Med Pract. 19 (3): 1–20. PMID 28186869.
  4. ^ Jüri Saarma "Kliiniline psühhiaatria". Tallinn, 1980. P. 139.
  5. ^ Allan AM, Zhang X, Baier LD (August 1992). "Barbiturate tolerance: effects on GABA-operated chloride channel function". Brain Res. 588 (2): 255–60. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)91583-Z. PMID 1382810. S2CID 33787357.
  6. ^ Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants By Donald G. Barceloux. P. 469
  7. ^ Tyrer, Peter; Silk, Kenneth R., eds. (24 January 2008). Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-521-84228-0.
  8. ^ Ebadi, Manuchair (23 October 2007). "Alphabetical presentation of drugs". Desk Reference for Clinical Pharmacology (2nd ed.). USA: CRC Press. p. 512. ISBN 978-1-4200-4743-1.

Read other articles:

Centro Costarricense de Producción Cinematográfica

Centro Costarricense de Producción Cinematográfica (también conocido como Centro de Cine) es un ente independiente en sus funciones, aunque continúa adscrito al Ministerio de Cultura y Juventud. Tiene como objetivo resguardar e incentivar la producción audiovisual y cinematográfica de Costa Rica. Edificio del Centro Costarricense de Producción Cinematográfica. Historia El Centro Costarricense de Producción Cinematográfica fue creado en 1973 con el nombre de Departamento de Cine del ...

 

The Little Gypsy

The Little GypsySutradaraOscar ApfelProduserWilliam FoxDitulis olehMary MurilloPemeranDorothy BernardSinematograferAlfredo GandolfiDistributorFox Film CorporationTanggal rilis10 Oktober 1915Durasi50 menitNegaraAmerika SerikatBahasaBisu The Little Gypsy adalah sebuah film drama bisu tahun 1915 yang hilang[1] garapan Oscar Apfel dan menampilkan Dorothy Bernard. Film tersebut diproduksi oleh William Fox dan dirilis melalui Fox Film Corporation.[2][3] Pemeran Dorothy Berna...

 

Windows NT

artikel ini perlu dirapikan agar memenuhi standar Wikipedia. Tidak ada alasan yang diberikan. Silakan kembangkan artikel ini semampu Anda. Merapikan artikel dapat dilakukan dengan wikifikasi atau membagi artikel ke paragraf-paragraf. Jika sudah dirapikan, silakan hapus templat ini. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Windows NTPerusahaan / pengembangMicrosoftModel sumberSumber tertutup / Sumber berbagiKernel typeHibridaAntarmuka bawaanAntarmuka pengguna gr...

Bram Stoker

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Stoker. Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Certaines informations figurant dans cet article ou cette section devraient être mieux reliées aux sources mentionnées dans les sections « Bibliographie », « Sources » ou « Liens externes » (juillet 2017). Vous pouvez améliorer la vérifiabilité en associant ces informations à des références à l'aide d'appels de notes. Bram St...

 

National Museum of Health and Medicine

Museum in Silver Spring, Maryland, United States For other military medical museums, see Army Medical Museum. This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) National Museum of Healthand Medicine(founded as the Army Medical Museum)The new NMHM facility, wh...

 

Sejarah budi daya padi

Sejarah budi daya padi secara keseluruhan masih simpang-siur. Mayoritas kesepakatan ilmiah saat ini, berdasarkan bukti arkeologis dan sejarah perkembangan bahasa, bahwa padi (oryza sativa) pertama kali didomestikasi di lembah Sungai Yangtze (sekarang bagian dari Tiongkok) 13.500 hingga 8.200 tahun lalu.[1][2][3][4] Sejak penanaman pertama, perpindahan penduduk dan perdagangan menyebarkan padi ke seluruh dunia, pertama ke sebagian besar Asia timur, dan kemudian ...

Западный округ (Краснодар)

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Западный округ. Западный внутригородской округ город Краснодар Дата основания 1936 год Дата упразднения 1994 Прежние имена Кагановичский, Ленинский районы Микрорайоны Дубинка, Черёмушки, Покровка Площадь 22[1]  км² Насе...

 

Западный округ (Краснодар)

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Западный округ. Западный внутригородской округ город Краснодар Дата основания 1936 год Дата упразднения 1994 Прежние имена Кагановичский, Ленинский районы Микрорайоны Дубинка, Черёмушки, Покровка Площадь 22[1]  км² Насе...

 

希望聯盟

  此條目介紹的是馬來西亞的政黨。关于同名已解散的香港政黨，请见「希望聯盟 (香港政黨)」。 希望联盟Pakatan HarapanAlliance of Hope希望联盟标志马来语名称Pakatan Harapanڤاكتن هارڤن替代语言：Aliansi Harapan英语名称Alliance of Hope替代语言：Pakatan Harapan Plus华语名称希望联盟Xīwàng liánméng淡米尔名称நம்பிக்கை கூட்டணி简称PH、希盟主席安华共同主席旺�...

约翰斯顿环礁

此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 (2021年5月6日)若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基百科扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文需在编辑摘要注明来源，或于讨论页顶部标记{{Translated page}}标签。 约翰斯顿环礁Kalama Atoll 美國本土外小島嶼 Johnston Atoll 旗幟颂歌：《星條旗》The Star-Spangled Banner約翰斯頓環礁�...

 

美国众议院

此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2021年7月4日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目，无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：美国众议院 — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（判定指引）。 美國眾議院 United States House of Representatives第118届美国国会众议院徽章 众议院旗...

 

世界政區索引

此條目可能包含不适用或被曲解的引用资料，部分内容的准确性无法被证實。 (2023年1月5日)请协助校核其中的错误以改善这篇条目。详情请参见条目的讨论页。 各国相关 主題列表 索引 国内生产总值 石油储量 国防预算 武装部队（军事） 官方语言 人口統計 人口密度 生育率 出生率 死亡率 自杀率 谋杀率 失业率 储蓄率 识字率 出口额 进口额 煤产量 发电量 监禁率 死刑 国债 ...

Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre

Academic institution in Thailand This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Buddha in Dvaravati art at Anthropology Centre Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology ...

 

Філософія

Частина серії проФілософіяLeft to right: Plato, Kant, Nietzsche, Buddha, Confucius, AverroesПлатонКантНіцшеБуддаКонфуційАверроес Філософи Епістемологи Естетики Етики Логіки Метафізики Соціально-політичні філософи Традиції Аналітична Арістотелівська Африканська Близькосхідна іранська Буддій�...

 

Akira Raijin

Japanese professional wrestler Akira RaijinKawabata as Kiyoshi at an MPW event in October 2011Birth nameAkira KawabataBorn (1978-07-17) July 17, 1978 (age 45)[1]Takarazuka, Hyōgo, Japan[1]Professional wrestling careerRing name(s)Akira Raijin[2]Akira Thunder Raijin[3]Kaminari[3]Kawabata[4]Kowabata[5]Kiyoshi[2]Suicide[6]Sushi[7]Billed height6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)[1]Billed weight231 lb (...

Karl Gützlaff

Karl GützlaffBiographieNaissance 8 juillet 1803PyrzyceDécès 9 août 1851 (à 48 ans)Hong KongSépulture Cimetière de Hong KongNom de naissance Karl Friedrich August GützlaffNationalité prussienneActivités Lexicographe, missionnaire, traducteur de la Bible, écrivain, linguiste, traducteur, homme politiquemodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Karl Gützlaff, né le 8 juillet 1803 à Pyritz, en province de Poméranie (Prusse) et décédé le 9 août 1851 à Hong Kong, dont...

 

Nonmanual feature

Sign language syntax A nonmanual feature, also sometimes called nonmanual signal or sign language expression, are the features of signed languages that do not use the hands. Nonmanual features are grammaticised and a necessary component in many signs, in the same way that manual features are. Nonmanual features serve a similar function to intonation in spoken languages.[1]ASL sign for angry - note the furrowed eyebrows Purpose Nonmanual features in signed languages do not function the...

 

Aaron Burr

Aaron Burr Wakil Presiden Amerika Serikat ke-3Masa jabatan4 Maret 1801 – 4 Maret 1805PresidenThomas JeffersonPendahuluThomas JeffersonPenggantiGeorge ClintonSenator Amerika Serikat dari New YorkMasa jabatan4 Maret 1791 – 4 Maret 1797PendahuluPhilip SchuylerPenggantiPhilip Schuyler3rd New York State Jaksa AgungMasa jabatan29 September 1789 – 8 November 1791GubernurGeorge ClintonPendahuluRichard VarickPenggantiMorgan Lewis Informasi pribadiLahirAaron Burr Jr.(17...

1906 New Hampshire gubernatorial election

Election For related races, see 1906 United States gubernatorial elections. 1906 New Hampshire gubernatorial election ← 1904 November 6, 1906 1908 →   Nominee Charles M. Floyd Nathan C. Jameson Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 40,581 37,672 Percentage 49.79% 46.22% County results Floyd:      40–50%      50–60% Jameson:      50–60% Governor before election John McLane Republ...

 

Lady Blackhawk

Comics character Lady BlackhawkLady Blackhawk as seen in Birds of Prey #75 (December 2004).Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsFirst appearance(Zinda)Blackhawk #133 (February 1959)(Natalie)Blackhawk (vol. 2) #1 (March 1988)(Third Lady Blackhawk)Blackhawks #1 (November 2011)Created by(Zinda)Jack SchiffDick Dillin(Natalie)Howard Chaykin(Third Lady Blackhawk)Mike CostaKen LashleyIn-story informationAlter ego- Zinda Blake- Natalie Reed (birth name Natalie Gurdin)- Unrevealed- Kendra Saunders...