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Barabati Fort
Entrance of Barabati fort
Barabati Fort Entrance of Barabati fort
Type	Fort
Location	Cuttack
Coordinates	20°29′4.67″N 85°51′51.93″E / 20.4846306°N 85.8644250°E
Height	14.62 meters
Founder	Old fort by Marakata Keshari of Somavamshi (Keshari) dynasty; New fort by King Anangabhima Deva III of Eastern Ganga dynasty (1211-1238)
Built	989 CE

Barabati Fort is a 987 CE fort built by Marakata Keshari of Somavanshi (Keshari) dynasty in Cuttack, Odisha.^[1] The ruins of the fort remain with its moat, gate, and the earthen mound of the nine-storied palace.

Panoramic view of Barabati fort

Location

This medieval fort is situated at 20°29′1.32″N 85°52′3.36″E / 20.4837000°N 85.8676000°E / 20.4837000; 85.8676000, about 8 km from the center of the Cuttack, at the apex of a delta formed by the river Mahanadi in the north and its distributary, the Kathajodi in the south, and is located at 14.62 metres above sea level.

History

The Barabati was built in 987 CE by the Somavamshi dynasty lineage ruler Maharaja Markata Keshari while building a stone embankment to protect Cuttack which was known as Kataka at that time.

Scholars give different opinions regarding the date of construction of Barabati fort. Madalapanji, the Jagannatha temple chronicle narrates an interesting story which is as follows.

King Anangabhima Deva III of the Eastern Ganga dynasty lived in his capital, Chaudwar (1211-1238 A.D.) One day, the king crossed the Mahanadi and came towards the southern side. Here he noticed in the Barabati village belonging to the Ko-danda sub-division that near the god Visweswar, a heron had jumped upon a hawk. Seeing this, the king was very much surprised; on an auspicious day, he laid the foundation of construction of the fort and this village was named Barabati Cuttack. After that, he left Choudwar and lived at Cuttack making it his capital.

In 1568 AD, the city passed to the hands of Karranis of Bengal, then to the Mughal Empire in 1576^[2] and then to the Maratha Empire in 1741.^[3] Cuttack, with the rest of Odisha, came under British rule in 1803. The Bengal-Nagpur Railways connected Cuttack with Madras (Chennai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1919. It became the capital of the newly formed state of Odisha in 1936. It continued to be the capital until 1948, when the capital was shifted to Bhubaneswar. The city completed one thousand years of its existence in 1989.

During the rule of the Muslims and the Marathas, it continued to be the capital of Odisha. The British army took possession of Barabati fort in October 1803, and it became a prison for the confinement of several illustrious rulers of the land. In 1800 the Raja of Kujanga, in 1818, the Raja of Surgaja with his family members were kept under strict confinement to this fort. In addition, vandalism to destroy the fort was intensified in the early phase of British rule.

Architecture

The fort is square in plan. It spreads over an area of 102 acres and surrounded on all sides with a stone paved moat of 10 Mtr. width in northern and western sides and 20 Mtr. width in the eastern and southern sides. The entire fort wall except the entrance is missing. Since 1915, in view of its national importance, the place has been declared as a protected site by Archaeological Survey of India.

At the centre of the fort, there was a high mound with a tank in the western side. It spreads over 15/16 acres of area. Now the site is under extensive encroachment. To the east of the mound, there is the Shahi Mosque while in the west of the tank lies the mazar (tomb) of Hazrat Ali Bukhari. In 1989, excavations were carried out by Archaeological Survey of India to ascertain the cultural horizon of the historic fort and the work is still in progress. Excavation by Archaeological survey of India on December 1, 1989, revealed evidence of a palace, a square structure built up of Khondalite stone. It was built over an area which was carefully prepared by filling up of 5 meter with sand and lime mixture. Trenches dug on the eastern side of the structure revealed 32 pillars built of literate blocks roughly square but varying in size.

In the northeastern corner of the mound, remains of a temple have been found. Excavation on the eastern and southern side of the mound revealed the existence of a citadel wall built of laterite blocks.^[4]

The ruins of the old Barabati Fort lie on the right bank of the Mahanadi, in the western part of the city. All that remains of the Fort is an arched gateway and the earthen mound of the nine-storeyed palace. Archaeological surveys reveal that the Fort was roughly rectangular in structure having an area of over 102 acres (0.41 km²), and it was surrounded on all sides by a wall of laterite and sandstones. To the west of the mound there is a tank. In the north-eastern corner of the mound are remains of what once was a temple. The temple was made of whitish sandstone over foundations of laterite blocks. About four hundred fragments of mouldings and some mutilated pieces of sculptures have been recovered so far. This temple of the Ganga period containing a stone idol of Lord Jagannath is in ruins. A mosque built by Nawab Murshid Quli Khan, governor of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1719 AD, still exists.

Archaeological finds

During the 1989 excavation, the central mound area of the fort revealed the remains of a palace, a pavilion and foundation blocks made of rhodolite. Eighteen massive pillar bases, aligned in four rows at regular intervals, were exposed in the southern area.^[5]

Excavations of the site were also carried out in 2007 to establish the cultural chronology of the fortified fort. In these digs, some of the important antiquity finds included a seated goddess, lion-head, lamp fragment, balls and pot fragments of stone, sling balls, fragments of animal figurines of terracotta and axe and a stylus made of iron. The pottery finds comprised storage jars, spouted vessels, lamps, knobbed lids, miniature pots, dishes and bowls, the final portion of a hukkah and pieces of Chinese porcelain.^[6]

After a gap of 16 years, the excavation was restarted in 2023 to trace the link between Odisha and Southeast Asian countries.^[7]